Biosynthesis of 1-undecene and related terminal olefins

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of 1-undecene and related terminal olefins. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using proteins to produce 1-undecene and related terminal olefins.

CROSS-REFERENCE(S) TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/919,680, filed Dec. 20, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 677792004540SeqList.txt, date recorded: Dec. 16, 2014, size: 122 KB).

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of 1-undecene and related terminal olefins. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using proteins to produce 1-undecene and related terminal olefins.

BACKGROUND

Surging energy consumption and environmental concerns demand production of chemicals and biofuel through sustainable and renewable approaches. Fatty acid derived fuels and chemicals, such as alkanes and alkenes, are of particular interest to directly replace fossil hydrocarbons (P. P. Peralta-Yahya et al., Nature 488, 320, 2012; R. M. Lennen et al, Curr Opin Biotechnol 24, 1044, 2013). Since the recent discovery of an aldehyde decarbonylase which catalyzes alkane synthesis from fatty acid metabolites (A. Schirmer et al., Science 329, 559, 2010), numerous efforts have been devoted to produce alkanes using engineered microbes from renewable raw materials (Y. J. Choi et al., Nature 502, 571, 2013; T. P. Howard et al., P Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 7636, 2013; C. Andre et al., P Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 3191, 2013). Although routes to bio-hydrocarbons are emerging, a major challenge is to identify biocatalysts which are capable of producing hydrocarbons with desired carbon chain lengths and functionalities (M. K. Akhtar et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110, 87, 2013; Y. Qiu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, 14858, 2012).

Medium-chain hydrocarbons are “drop-in” ready fuels with superior properties such as high energy content, low freezing point, easy product recovery, and compatibility with the existing transportation infrastructure. Possessing a derivable terminal functionality (P. S. Coelho et al., Science 339, 307, 2013), aliphatic medium-chain 1-alkenes (MCAEs) show clear advantage over other hydrocarbons as “green” precursors to industrial chemicals such as lubricants and pesticides. MCAEs, also known as medium-chain terminal olefins, are naturally produced in low abundance by diverse species as “volatile organic compounds” (VOCs) with obscure biological functions (S. Schulz et al., Nat Prod Rep 24, 814, 2007).

Despite the high value of MCAEs, nothing is known about the biosynthesis of MCAEs in organisms at either the genetic or biochemical levels. Discovery and characterization of biosynthetic pathway of MCAEs is therefore an indispensable first step towards the bioproduction of MCAEs and MCAE-derived chemicals. There exists a need for the bioproduction of 1-alkenes/terminal olefins from fatty acids.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog includes an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog comprises analogous amino acids or conservative substitutions of Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C14-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a medium chain fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium chain fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium-chain fatty acid is lauric acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in an aerobic environment. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in media and the media comprises iron. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in media and the media comprises ascorbic acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is 1-undecene. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the yield of the terminal olefin is about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2 μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4 μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6 μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8 μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, or about 10 μg/mL or more terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the method further includes a step of recovering a terminal olefin produced by the host cell.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide including one or more of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, and SEQ ID NO: 38 with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C14-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a medium chain fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium chain fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium-chain fatty acid is lauric acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in an aerobic environment. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in media and the media comprises iron. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in media and the media comprises ascorbic acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is 1-undecene. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the yield of the terminal olefin is about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2 μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4 μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6 μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8 μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, or about 10 μg/mL or more terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the method further includes a step of recovering a terminal olefin produced by the host cell.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a non-heme, iron-dependent polypeptide with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 with lauric acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that 1-undecene is produced from lauric acid.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to host cells including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog comprises an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog comprises analogous amino acids or conservative substitutions of Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell produces terminal olefins from fatty acids.

In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a homolog thereof with a fatty acid; and b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments, the host cell overexpresses UcFatB2 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog of SEQ ID NO: 39 includes an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C14-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a medium chain fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium chain fatty acid is a C10-C16 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium-chain fatty acid is lauric acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in an aerobic environment. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is 1-undecene. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the yield of the terminal olefin is about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2 μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4 μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6 μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8 μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, or about 10 μg/mL or more terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the method further includes a step of recovering a terminal olefin produced by the host cell.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to host cells including a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments, the host cell overexpresses UcFatB2 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog of SEQ ID NO: 39 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell produces terminal olefins from fatty acids.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of producing a terminal olefin, the method including: a) contacting a host cell with a fatty acid, wherein the host cell includes: 1) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof, and 2) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a homolog thereof; and culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments, the host cell overexpresses UcFatB2 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog of either one of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 39 includes an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of either one of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C14-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the fatty acid is a medium chain fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium chain fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium chain fatty acid is a C10-C16 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the medium-chain fatty acid is lauric acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in an aerobic environment. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in media and the media comprises iron. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell is cultured in media and the media comprises ascorbic acid. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the terminal olefin is 1-undecene. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the yield of the terminal olefin is about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2 μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4 μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6 μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8 μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, or about 10 μg/mL or more terminal olefin. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the method further includes a step of recovering a terminal olefin produced by the host cell.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to host cells including: 1) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof, and 2) a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity. In some embodiments, the host cell overexpresses UcFatB2 or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog of either one of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 39 includes an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of either one of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the homolog of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises analogous amino acids or conservative substitutions of Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the host cell produces terminal olefins from fatty acids.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1A-FIG. 1D illustrate that PFL_4321 is responsible for 1-undecene biosynthesis. FIG. 1A illustrates that Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 produces 1-undecene. FIG. 1B illustrates that 1-undecene production was observed during the library screening in the E. coli EPI300 (fosmid 6F8) carrying PFL_4321. Native E. coli EPI300 does not produce 1-undecene. FIG. 1C illustrates that Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 produces 1-undecene. FIG. 1D illustrates that disruption of the PA14_53120 (PFL_4321 homolog) completely abolished the 1-undecene production in P. aeruginosa ΔPA14_53120 mutant.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart for the identification of 1-undecene biosynthetic gene by heterologous expression of the genomic library of P. fluoresens Pf-5. In the library screening, three positive fosmid clones, 6F8/6E2/4F3, were identified to be responsible for 1-undecene production in E. coli. The 15 kb overlapped region was further trimmed by restriction digestion and narrowed down to two genes, PFL_4320 and PFL_4321. When PFL_4320 and PFL_4321 were separately overexpressed in E. coli BL21, PFL_4321 alone, but not PFL_4320, conferred 1-undecene production.

FIG. 3 illustrates the essentiality of PFL_4321 for 1-undecene biosynthesis. E. coli BL21 Star (pZR60) expressing PFL_4321 produced ˜5 μg/mL 1-undecene, whereas an empty vector control E. coli not expressing PFL_4321 did not produce 1-undecene. Headspace GC-MS with extracted ion 55 is shown.

FIG. 4A-FIG. 4B illustrate GC-MS analysis results of in vitro enzymatic assays with the purified recombinant PFL_4321 enzyme. FIG. 4A illustrates the conversion of [1-¹³C]lauric acid to [U-¹²C11]undecene. FIG. 4B illustrates the conversion of [12-¹³C]lauric acid to [11-¹³C]undecene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 4A shows the reference standard of 1-undecene from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 5 illustrates GC-MS detection of in vitro ¹³C—CO₂ formation by PFL_4321 activity. [12-¹³C]lauric acid was used as the negative control to show the natural abundance of ¹³C—CO₂.

FIG. 6 illustrates GC-MS detection of 1-undecene production by PFL_4321 in the aerobic/anaerobic assays. The anaerobic assay was performed by using the anaerobically purified enzyme and degassed reagents, adding glucose oxidase/glucose/catalase, and conducting the experiment in an anaerobic chamber with ppm O₂<0.7. The control aerobic assay was performed by using a similar reaction mixture under ambient air conditions and omitting glucose oxidase.

FIG. 7 illustrates a comparison of 1-undecene production by using various reductive cofactors/cosubstrates under iron-limited conditions. 2.5 mL of reaction mixture contains 100 μM MES (pH 6.1), 300 mM NaCl, 50 μM lauric acid, 5 μM PFL_4321, 0.1 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, and 1 mM reductive cofactor. When needed, 40 μM FAD, FMN, ferredoxin, or phenazine, and 20 μM flavin reductase (FL-R) or ferredoxin reductase (FR) were added.

FIG. 8A-FIG. 8B illustrates PFL_4321 activity. FIG. 8A illustrates a proposed 1-undecene biosynthesis catalyzed by PFL_4321 activity. FIG. 8B illustrates Michaelis-Menten plots for PFL_4321 on lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and capric acid (C10:0).

FIG. 9A-FIG. 9B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of capric acid to 1-nonene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 9B illustrates the reference standard of 1-nonene from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 10A-FIG. 10B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of myristic acid to 1-tridecene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 10B illustrates the reference standard of 1-tridecene from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 11A-FIG. 11B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of 11-bromoundecanoic acid to 10-bromodec-1-ene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 11B illustrates the reference standard of 10-bromodec-1-ene acid from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 12A-FIG. 12B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of 12-bromododecanoic acid to 11-bromoundec-1-ene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 12B illustrates the reference standard of 11-bromoundec-1-ene from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 13A-FIG. 13B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of 10-undecynoic acid to dec-1-en-9-yne.

FIG. 14 illustrates extracted ion chromatograms from LC-HRMS analysis showing the conversion of 11-amino-undecanoic acid to 10-amino-dec-1-ene catalyzed by PFL_4321. PFL_4321 was omitted from the control group. The calculated mass with 10 ppm mass error tolerance was used.

FIG. 15 illustrates extracted ion chromatograms from LC-HRMS analysis of the conversions of 12-aminododecanoic acid to 11-aminoundec-1-ene catalyzed by PFL_4321. PFL_4321 was omitted from the control group. The calculated mass with 10 ppm mass error tolerance was used.

FIG. 16A-FIG. 16B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of 11-methyldodecanoic acid to 10-methylundec-1-ene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 16B illustrates the reference standard of 10-methylundec-1-ene from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 17A-FIG. 17B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of 4-methyldodecanoic acid to 3-methylundec-1-ene. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 17B illustrates the reference standard of 3-methylundec-1-ene from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 18A-FIG. 18B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of α-hydroxylauric acid to 1-undecanal. Reverse panel (bottom panel) in FIG. 18B illustrates the reference standard of 1-undecanal from the NIST spectral database.

FIG. 19 illustrates Michaelis-Menten plots for PFL_4321 on 11-aminoundecanoic acid and 12-aminododecanoic acid.

FIG. 20A-FIG. 20G illustrates structures of PFL_4321 and a proposed catalytic mechanism. FIG. 20A illustrates overall structure of PFL_4321 with helices in blue and loops in salmon. Iron is shown in black, and DEA is shown in yellow for carbons and red for oxygens. FIG. 20B illustrates substrate binding pocket of PFL_4321. DEA, presented as a ball-and-stick model, is surrounded by a simulated annealing omit map in blue, contoured at 3.0 σ. Pocket-forming residues are displayed as sticks and the hydrophobic residues are colored in orange. FIG. 20C, FIG. 20D, FIG. 20E, and FIG. 20F illustrate weighted electron density maps surrounding the active site of the apo-, DEA- and BHDA-bound structures with 2mF_(o)-DF_(c) (in gray, at 1.8 σ) and mF_(o)-DF_(c) (green and red, at ±3.0 σ). The distal oxygen atoms of the dioxygen species in FIG. 20E and FIG. 20F are surrounded by the simulated annealing omit maps in green, contoured at 3.0 σ. FIG. 20G illustrates a proposed mechanism for 1-undecene biosynthesis by PFL_4321.

FIG. 21A-FIG. 21D illustrates geometry of the active sites of PFL_4321. FIG. 21A, FIG. 21B, FIG. 21C and FIG. 21D illustrate weighted electron density maps surrounding the active site of the PFL_4321/DEA complex (chain A (FIG. 21A) and chain B (FIG. 21B)) and the active site of the PFL_4321/BHDA complex (chain A (FIG. 21C) and chain B (FIG. 21D)) with 2mF_(O)-DF_(C) (in gray, contoured at 1.0 σ). The simulated annealing electron density maps after omitting the proximal O1 atom are colored in magenta; and after omitting the distal O2 atom are colored in blue. All omit maps are contoured at 4.0 σ. The orientation is approximately equivalent to that shown in the schematic in FIG. 20G.

FIG. 22A illustrates a comparison of 1-undecene productions of E. coli BL21 (pZR60) and E. coli BL21 (pZR60 derivatives bearing point mutations on PFL_4321). FIG. 22B illustrates that the point-mutation proteins are soluble.

FIG. 23A-FIG. 23B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversions of [2,2-D2]lauric acid to [1,1-D2]undecene.

FIG. 24A-FIG. 24B illustrates the activities of PFL_4321 homologs. FIG. 24A illustrates a phylogenetic tree of PFL_4321 and homologs constructed using Minimum Evolution method. FIG. 24B illustrates the total amounts of 1-undecene produced by overexpressing PFL_4321 (P. fluorescens Pf-5), PSPTO_1738 (P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000), PA14_53120 (P. aeruginosa PA14), ACIAD2095 (Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1), and Pput_3952 (P. putida F1) in E. coli BL21 Star.

FIG. 25 illustrates GC-MS analysis of 1-undecene and nonene productions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c (pESC_URA_PFL_4321). Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c (pESC_URA_PFL_4321) was cultured in YPD media in sealed headspace vial at 30° C. for 36 hours before sampling using SPME-GCMS method.

FIG. 26A-FIG. 26G illustrates PFL_4321 activity toward selected substrates. Substrates shown are as follows: [1-¹³C]lauric acid (FIG. 26A); [12-¹³C]lauric acid (FIG. 26B); α-hydroxydodecanoic acid (AHDA) (FIG. 26C); [α,α-D2]lauric acid (FIG. 26D); [D23]lauric acid (FIG. 26E); β-hydroxydodecanoic acid (BHDA) (FIG. 26F); 2,3-dodecenoic acid (DEA) (FIG. 26G).

FIG. 27 illustrates the requirement for O₂ for PFL_4321 activity. This in vitro assay with PFL_4321 shows the consumption of dissolved oxygen (Δ) detected by the oxygen electrode in relation with the formation of 1-undecene (•) measured by SPME-GCMS in a typical reaction mixture containing 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 300 mM NaCl, 45 μM holo-PFL_4321, and 500 μM LA.

FIG. 28 illustrates a comparison of 1-undecene production by using various reductive cofactors/cosubstrates in the presence of excessive O₂ provided by the coupled chloride dismutase reaction. The reaction mixture contains 100 μM MES (pH 6.1), 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM lauric acid (dissolved in 0.5% tergitol), 100 μM PFL_4321, 100 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 2 μM chlorite dismutase, 4 mM sodium chlorite, and 2 mM reductive cofactor/co-substrates. When needed, 40 μM FAD, FMN, ferredoxin, PQQ, or PMS, and 20 μM flavin reductase (FL-R) or ferredoxin reductase (FR) were added. 1-undecene production was analyzed after reacting for 100 min. Error bars represent standard deviations from at least three independently performed experiments.

FIG. 29A-FIG. 29C illustrates measurements of the initial production rates of 1-alkenes by PFL_4321 at varying substrate concentrations. Substrates presented are lauric acid (LA) (FIG. 29A), capric acid (FIG. 29B), and myristic acid (FIG. 29C). Error bars represent standard deviations from at least three independently performed experiments.

FIG. 30A-FIG. 30B illustrates GC-MS analysis of the conversion of [D23]lauric acid to [D22]1-undecene.

FIG. 31A-FIG. 31B illustrates predicted membrane domains of PFL_0203. FIG. 31A illustrates membrane domain prediction by TMHMM Server v. 2.0. “Inside” and “outside” are with respect to the cell, and the x-axis shows amino acid position of PFL_0203. FIG. 31B illustrates membrane domain prediction by SACS MEMSAT2 Transmembrane Prediction Page.

FIG. 32 illustrates the production titers of extracellular 1-undecene by overexpressing PFL_4321 (P. fluorescens Pf-5), PFL_0203 (P. fluorescens Pf-5), PSPTO_1738 (P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000), PA14_53120 (P. aeruginosa PA14), ACIAD2095 (Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1), and Pput_3952 (P. putida F1) in conjunction with or without UcFatB2 as indicated in E. coli.

FIG. 33 illustrates a phylogenetic tree (neighbor joining algorithm) of PFL_0203.

FIG. 34A-FIG. 34C illustrates an amino acid sequence alignment of PFL_0203 and related homologs. FIG. 34A illustrates the alignment of amino acid positions 1-175 relative to PFL_0203. FIG. 34B illustrates the alignment of amino acid positions 176-279 relative to PFL_0203. FIG. 34C illustrates the alignment of amino acid positions 280-357 relative to PFL_0203.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is presented to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the various embodiments. Descriptions of specific devices, techniques, and applications are provided only as examples. Various modifications to the examples described herein will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other examples and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the various embodiments. Thus, the various embodiments are not intended to be limited to the examples described herein and shown, but are to be accorded the scope consistent with the claims.

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of 1-undecene and related terminal olefins. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using proteins to produce 1-undecene and related terminal olefins.

In particular, the present disclosure is based, at least in part, on Applicant's discovery that an enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5, PFL_4321, converts medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C10-14) into corresponding terminal olefins using an oxygen-activating, non-heme iron dependent mechanism. The X-ray crystal structures of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 enzyme bound with various substrate analogues show three intermediate stages that define the substrate binding steps and point to a general mechanistic strategy for the non-heme iron enzymes. This enzyme is conserved in pseudomonads and closely-related species with more than 400 homologs identified. Heterologous expressions of several gene homologs in Escherichia coli ubiquitously lead to the production and secretion of MCAEs.

Applicants further discovered that the protein PFL_0203 from Pseduomonas fluorescens Pf-5 is able to facilitate the conversion of fatty acid substrates into their corresponding terminal olefins. PFL_0203 acts on C10-C16 fatty acid substrates, thus exhibiting some substrate overlap as well as some unique specificity as compared to PFL_4321 as described above. Supplementing culture media with exogenous lauric acid (LA) or co-expressing a codon-optimized UcFatB2 thioesterase with PFL_0203 substantially increased the 1-undecene production titer in E. coli. Applicant's findings thus open the road for direct and tailored conversion of renewable raw materials to user-ready fuels and chemical commodities.

Accordingly, Applicant's disclose herein methods of producing a terminal olefin by contacting a fatty acid with a polypeptide that facilitates the production of a terminal olefin from the fatty acid. Various polypeptides, as well as various nucleic acids encoding these polypeptides, for use in the methods of the present disclosure are described herein and will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a polypeptide which facilitates the conversion of a fatty acid into a terminal olefin is expressed in a host cell. In other embodiments, a polypeptide which facilitates the conversion of a fatty acid into a terminal olefin is contacted with a fatty acid in vitro. Various methods of using polypeptides of the present disclosure to produce terminal olefins are described herein and will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art.

Polypeptides of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates to polypeptides which facilitate the production of terminal olefins using fatty acids as substrates. As used herein, a “polypeptide” is an amino acid sequence including a plurality of consecutive polymerized amino acid residues (e.g., at least about 15 consecutive polymerized amino acid residues). As used herein, “polypeptide” refers to an amino acid sequence, oligopeptide, peptide, protein, or portions thereof, and the terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, which encodes the PFL_4321 protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 (also known as Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5). PFL_4321 is a protein of 261 amino acids in length that shows modest sequence homology to TenA, the thiaminase II from Bacillus subtilis (A. L. Jenkins et al., Bioorg Chem 36, 29, 2008), but the essential catalytic residue cysteine of TenA is missing in PFL_4321.

Sequence alignment of PLF_4321 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and related homologs, as well as protein structural analysis, reveals several regions of conserved sequence motifs that, without wishing to be bound by theory, are thought to contribute to and/or define the active site of the enzyme. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the following sequence motif, E101-(L/A/E)-(N/K/R)-H104, is important for enzyme catalytic function. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the following sequence motif, (A/P/Q/L)51-X-X-X-(R/A)55-X-(Y/F/V/A)57-(L/F)58-(I/V/A/S)59-(G/N/H/Q)60-(G/F)61-(W/F/Y)62-(P/L)63-(V/I/L)64-V65-(E/A)66-(Q/S/H)67-F68-(A/S/P)69-(L/V/K/S)70-Y71-M72-(A/S/G)73-X-(N/S/A/T)75-L76-(T/L)77-K78, forms an alpha-helix that contributes to the formation of the substrate binding pocket. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the following sequence motif, G86-(E/V/D)-(D/T/E/A)-(M/E/K/S)-(A/T/I)-R91-(R/N/D)-(W/Y)-L94-(M/I/L)-(R/Q)-N97-(I/L)-(R/K/G)-V100-E101-(L/E/A)-(N/R/K)-H104-(A/L/V)-X-(Y/W/H)-(W/Y/F)-X-(H/N/D)-W111, forms an alpha-helix that includes two amino acids, E101 and H104, that coordinate to the iron in the catalytic center of the enzyme. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the following sequence motif, L147-(I/A/P)-(V/I/E/A)-(A/C/S/G)-(I/M/L/I/V)-A152-A153-(T/S)-N155-(Y/L/W)-A157-(I/V)-E159-(G/W/S)-(A/V/I)-T162-G163-(E/D/V)-W165-(S/T)-(A/I/R), form an alpha-helix that contributes to the formation of the substrate binding pocket, and contains the amino acid residue E159 that may be involved in oxygen binding and/or serve as a proton donor for the regeneration of the enzyme. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the following sequence motif, W190-L191-(K/R)-(M/L/A/V)-H194-(A/S)-(Q/H/S/R)-Y197-D198-D199-X-H201-P202-(W/Y/E/V)-E204-A205-(L/M)-(E/D)-(I/L)-(I/V), forms an alpha-helix that includes the amino acid residue H194 that coordinates to the iron in the catalytic center. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the following sequence motif, (Y/C/M)235-(M/Y/F)-(Y/E/A/T/H)-(L/M/A)-(F/A/S)-L240-(E/D/S/H)-(R/E/D/C/A)-C243, forms an alpha-helix that contributes to the formation of the substrate binding pocket.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is a homolog of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Methods for the identification of polypeptides that are homologs of a polypeptide of interest are well-known to one of skill in the art, as described herein. In some embodiments, polypeptides of the present disclosure include polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence having at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Polypeptides of the disclosure also include polypeptides having at least 10, at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 80 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 1 may include polypeptides having various amino acid additions, deletions, or substitutions relative to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 1 contain non-conservative changes of certain amino acids relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 1 contain conservative changes of certain amino acids relative to SEQ ID NO: 1, and thus may be referred to as conservatively modified variants. A conservatively modified variant may include individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a polypeptide sequence which result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Such conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles of the disclosure. The following eight groups contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Glycine (G); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W); 7) Serine (S), Threonine (T); and 8) Cysteine (C), Methionine (M) (see, e.g., Creighton, Proteins (1984)). A modification of an amino acid to produce a chemically similar amino acid may be referred to as an analogous amino acid.

Polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 1 may contain a conservative amino acid substitution at one or more positions corresponding to positions of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the homolog contains a conservative amino acid substitution at a position corresponding to Glu101 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the homolog contains a conservative amino acid substitution at a position corresponding to His104 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the homolog contains a conservative amino acid substitution at a position corresponding to Glu159 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the homolog contains a conservative amino acid substitution at a position corresponding to His194 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The homolog may contain various combinations of one or more conservative amino acid substitutions at a position corresponding to Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the homolog contains conservative amino acid substitutions at a position corresponding to all four of Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 1 for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, which encodes the Pput_3952 protein from P. putida F1. In some embodiments, a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 1 for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, which encodes the PA14_53120 protein from P. aeruginosa PA14. In some embodiments, a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 1 for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, which encodes the ACIAD2095 protein from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. In some embodiments, a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 1 for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, which encodes the PSPTO_1738 protein from P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is a homolog of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and/or SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, polypeptides of the present disclosure include polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence having at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and/or SEQ ID NO: 5. Polypeptides of the disclosure also include polypeptides having at least 10, at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 80 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, and/or SEQ ID NO: 5.

In other embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, and/or SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is a homolog of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, and/or SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, polypeptides of the present disclosure include polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence having at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, and/or SEQ ID NO: 32. Polypeptides of the disclosure also include polypeptides having at least 10, at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 80 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, and/or SEQ ID NO: 32.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes, for example, a polypeptide having a E-(L/A/E)-(N/K/R)-H motif, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes, for example, a polypeptide having a (A/P/Q/L)-X-X-X-(R/A)-X-(Y/F/V/A)-(L/F)-(I/V/A/S)-(G/N/H/Q)-(G/F)-(W/F/Y)-(P/L)-(V/I/L)-V-(E/A)-(Q/S/H)-F-(A/S/P)-(L/V/K/S)-Y-M-(A/S/G)-X-(N/S/A/T)-L-(T/L)-K motif, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes, for example, a polypeptide having a G-(E/V/D)-(D/T/E/A)-(M/E/K/S)-(A/T/I)-R-(R/N/D)-(W/Y)-L-(M/I/L)-(R/Q)-N-(I/L)-(R/K/G)-V-E-(L/E/A)-(N/R/K)-H-(A/L/V)-X-(Y/W/H)-(W/Y/F)-X-(H/N/D)-W motif, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes, for example, a polypeptide having a L-(I/A/P)-(V/I/E/A)-(A/C/S/G)-(I/M/L/I/V)-A-A-(T/S)-N-(Y/L/W)-A-(I/V)-E-(G/W/S)-(A/V/I)-T-G-(E/D/V)-W-(S/T)-(A/I/R) motif, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes, for example, a polypeptide having a W-L-(K/R)-(M/L/A/V)-H-(A/S)-(Q/H/S/R)-Y-D-D-X-H-P-(W/Y/E/V)-E-A-(L/M)-(E/D)-(I/L)-(I/V) motif, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes, for example, a polypeptide having a (Y/C/M)-(M/Y/F)-(Y/E/A/T/H)-(L/M/A)-(F/A/S)-L-(E/D/S/H)-(R/E/D/C/A)-C motif, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes the amino acid sequence from one or more of any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, and/or SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure includes each of the amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, and SEQ ID NO: 38.

Polypeptides having non-heme, iron-dependent activity may also be used in the methods of the present disclosure. Non-heme, iron-dependent proteins may include enzymes that require the presence of iron (Fe) to enhance or facilitate proper catalytic function. Exemplary non-heme, iron-dependent proteins include, for example, PFL_4321 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Suitable non-heme, iron-dependent proteins are those proteins that are capable of facilitating the production of terminal olefins from fatty acid substrates.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, which encodes the PFL_0203 protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 (also known as Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5). PFL_0203 is annotated as a hypothetical protein, and sequence analysis suggests that this is a membrane-associated protein.

Polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 39 may also be used in the methods and compositions described herein. Polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 39 may include polypeptides having various amino acid additions, deletions, or substitutions relative to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 39 contain non-conservative changes of certain amino acids relative to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, polypeptides that are homologs of SEQ ID NO: 39 contain conservative changes of certain amino acids relative to SEQ ID NO: 39, and thus may be referred to as conservatively modified variants. In some embodiments, polypeptides of the present disclosure include polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence having at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 39-SEQ ID NO: 53. Polypeptides of the disclosure also include polypeptides having at least 10, at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 80 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 39-SEQ ID NO: 53.

In other embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, and/or SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is a homolog of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, and/or SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, polypeptides of the present disclosure include polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence having at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, and/or SEQ ID NO: 53. Polypeptides of the disclosure also include polypeptides having at least 10, at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 80 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, and/or SEQ ID NO: 53.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is the polypeptide encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54. SEQ ID NO: 54 encodes a codon-optimized UcFatB2 polypeptide. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that this protein acts to increase the concentration of intracellular fatty acids in cells.

Polynucleotides Encoding Polypeptides

The present disclosure further relates to polynucleotides that encode polypeptides of the present disclosure. Polynucleotides that encode a polypeptide are also referred to herein as “genes.” For example, polynucleotides encoding, for example, any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, and/or SEQ ID NO: 53, as well as homologs and/or fragments thereof, as described herein are provided. Methods for determining the relationship between a polypeptide and a polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide are well-known to one of skill in the art. Similarly, methods of determining the polypeptide sequence encoded by a polynucleotide sequence are well-known to one of skill in the art.

As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide,” nucleic acid sequence,” “nucleic acid,” and variations thereof shall be generic to polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose), to polyribonucleotides (containing D-ribose), to any other type of polynucleotide that is an N-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base, and to other polymers containing non-nucleotidic backbones, provided that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration that allows for base pairing and base stacking, as found in DNA and RNA. Thus, these terms include known types of nucleic acid sequence modifications, for example, substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, and inter-nucleotide modifications. As used herein, the symbols for nucleotides and polynucleotides are those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Commission of Biochemical Nomenclature.

Sequences of the polynucleotides of the present disclosure may be prepared by various suitable methods known in the art, including, for example, direct chemical synthesis or cloning. For direct chemical synthesis, formation of a polymer of nucleic acids typically involves sequential addition of 3′-blocked and 5′-blocked nucleotide monomers to the terminal 5′-hydroxyl group of a growing nucleotide chain, wherein each addition is effected by nucleophilic attack of the terminal 5′-hydroxyl group of the growing chain on the 3′-position of the added monomer, which is typically a phosphorus derivative, such as a phosphotriester, phosphoramidite, or the like. Such methodology is known to those of ordinary skill in the art and is described in the pertinent texts and literature (e.g., in Matteucci et al., (1980) Tetrahedron Lett 21:719-722; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,707; 5,436,327; and 5,700,637). In addition, the desired sequences may be isolated from natural sources by splitting DNA using appropriate restriction enzymes, separating the fragments using gel electrophoresis, and thereafter, recovering the desired polynucleotide sequence from the gel via techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as utilization of polymerase chain reactions (PCR; e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195).

In some embodiments, polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the disclosure are recombinant. “Recombinant nucleic acid” or “heterologous nucleic acid” or “recombinant polynucleotide” may refer to a polymer of nucleic acids where the sequence of nucleic acids is foreign to (i.e., not naturally found in) a given host cell, where the sequence may be naturally found in a given host cell, but in an unnatural (e.g., greater than expected) amount; or where the sequence of nucleic acids contains two or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. For example, a recombinant nucleic acid sequence may have two or more sequences from unrelated genes arranged to make a new functional nucleic acid. Specifically, the present disclosure describes the introduction of an expression vector into a host cell, where the expression vector contains a nucleic acid sequence coding for a protein that is not normally found in a host cell or contains a nucleic acid coding for a protein that is normally found in a cell but is under the control of different regulatory sequences. With reference to the host cell's genome, then, the nucleic acid sequence that codes for the protein is recombinant. A protein that is referred to as recombinant generally implies that it is encoded by a recombinant nucleic acid sequence in the host cell.

A “recombinant” polypeptide, protein, or enzyme of the present disclosure, is a polypeptide, protein, or enzyme that is encoded by a “recombinant nucleic acid” or “heterologous nucleic acid” or “recombinant polynucleotide.”

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides in the host cell may be heterologous to the host cell or these genes may be endogenous to the host cell but are operatively linked to heterologous promoters and/or control regions which result in the higher expression of the gene(s) in the host cell. In certain embodiments, the host cell does not naturally produce the desired proteins, and contains heterologous nucleic acid constructs capable of expressing one or more genes necessary for producing those molecules.

The nucleic acids employed in the methods and compositions described herein may be codon optimized relative to a parental template for expression in a particular host cell. Cells differ in their usage of particular codons, and codon bias corresponds to relative abundance of particular tRNAs in a given cell type. By altering codons in a sequence so that they are tailored to match with the relative abundance of corresponding tRNAs, it is possible to increase expression of a product (e.g. a polypeptide) from a nucleic acid. Similarly, it is possible to decrease expression by deliberately choosing codons corresponding to rare tRNAs. Thus, codon optimization/deoptimization can provide control over nucleic acid expression in a particular cell type (e.g. bacterial cell, mammalian cell, etc.). Methods of codon optimizing a nucleic acid for tailored expression in a particular cell type are well-known to those of skill in the art.

Methods of Identifying Sequence Similarity

As described above, various polypeptides having similar sequences to the polypeptides used in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure may also be used herein. Various methods are known to those of skill in the art for identifying similar (e.g. homologs, orthologs, paralogs, etc.) polypeptide and/or polynucleotide sequences, including phylogenetic methods, sequence similarity analysis, and hybridization methods.

Phylogenetic trees may be created for a gene family by using a program such as CLUSTAL (Thompson et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680 (1994); Higgins et al. Methods Enzymol 266: 383-402 (1996)) or MEGA (Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. & Evo. 24:1596-1599 (2007)). Once an initial tree for genes from one species is created, potential orthologous sequences can be placed in the phylogenetic tree and their relationships to genes from the species of interest can be determined. Evolutionary relationships may also be inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, Mol. Biol. & Evo. 4:406-425 (1987)). Homologous sequences may also be identified by a reciprocal BLAST strategy. Evolutionary distances may be computed using the Poisson correction method (Zuckerkandl and Pauling, pp. 97-166 in Evolving Genes and Proteins, edited by V. Bryson and H. J. Vogel. Academic Press, New York (1965)).

In addition, evolutionary information may be used to predict gene function. Functional predictions of genes can be greatly improved by focusing on how genes became similar in sequence (i.e. by evolutionary processes) rather than on the sequence similarity itself (Eisen, Genome Res. 8: 163-167 (1998)). Many specific examples exist in which gene function has been shown to correlate well with gene phylogeny (Eisen, Genome Res. 8: 163-167 (1998)).

When a group of related sequences are analyzed using a phylogenetic program such as CLUSTAL, closely related sequences typically cluster together or in the same clade (a group of similar genes). Groups of similar genes can also be identified with pair-wise BLAST analysis (Feng and Doolittle, J. Mol. Evol. 25: 351-360 (1987)). Analysis of groups of similar genes with similar function that fall within one clade can yield sub-sequences that are particular to the clade. These sub-sequences, known as consensus sequences, can not only be used to define the sequences within each clade, but define the functions of these genes; genes within a clade may contain paralogous sequences, or orthologous sequences that share the same function (see also, for example, Mount, Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., page 543 (2001)).

To find sequences that are homologous to a reference sequence, BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the BLASTN program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the disclosure. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the BLASTX program, score=50, wordlength=3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein or polypeptide of the disclosure. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See Altschul et al. (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, or PSI-BLAST, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., BLASTN for nucleotide sequences, BLASTX for proteins) can be used.

Methods for the alignment of sequences and for the analysis of similarity and identity of polypeptide and polynucleotide sequences are well-known in the art.

As used herein “sequence identity” refers to the percentage of residues that are identical in the same positions in the sequences being analyzed. As used herein “sequence similarity” refers to the percentage of residues that have similar biophysical/biochemical characteristics in the same positions (e.g. charge, size, hydrophobicity) in the sequences being analyzed.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art, including manual alignment and computer assisted sequence alignment and analysis. This latter approach is a preferred approach in the present disclosure, due to the increased throughput afforded by computer assisted methods. As noted below, a variety of computer programs for performing sequence alignment are available, or can be produced by one of skill.

The determination of percent sequence identity and/or similarity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Examples of such mathematical algorithms are the algorithm of Myers and Miller, CABIOS 4:11-17 (1988); the local homology algorithm of Smith et al., Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981); the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453 (1970); the search-for-similarity-method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2444-2448 (1988); the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-2268 (1990), modified as in Karlin and Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877 (1993).

Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity and/or similarity. Such implementations include, for example: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the AlignX program, version10.3.0 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins et al. Gene 73:237-244 (1988); Higgins et al. CABIOS 5:151-153 (1989); Corpet et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10881-90 (1988); Huang et al. CABIOS 8:155-65 (1992); and Pearson et al., Meth. Mol. Biol. 24:307-331 (1994). The BLAST programs of Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990) are based on the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) supra.

Polynucleotides homologous to a reference sequence can be identified by hybridization to each other under stringent or under highly stringent conditions. Single stranded polynucleotides hybridize when they associate based on a variety of well characterized physical-chemical forces, such as hydrogen bonding, solvent exclusion, base stacking and the like. The stringency of a hybridization reflects the degree of sequence identity of the nucleic acids involved, such that the higher the stringency, the more similar are the two polynucleotide strands. Stringency is influenced by a variety of factors, including temperature, salt concentration and composition, organic and non-organic additives, solvents, etc. present in both the hybridization and wash solutions and incubations (and number thereof), as described in more detail in references cited below (e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (“Sambrook”) (1989); Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 152 Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (“Berger and Kimmel”) (1987); and Anderson and Young, “Quantitative Filter Hybridisation.” In: Hames and Higgins, ed., Nucleic Acid Hybridisation, A Practical Approach. Oxford, TRL Press, 73-111 (1985)).

Encompassed by the disclosure are polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the disclosed polynucleotide sequences and fragments thereof under various conditions of stringency (see, for example, Wahl and Berger, Methods Enzymol. 152: 399-407 (1987); and Kimmel, Methods Enzymo. 152: 507-511, (1987)). Full length cDNA, homologs, orthologs, and paralogs of polynucleotides of the present disclosure may be identified and isolated using well-known polynucleotide hybridization methods.

With regard to hybridization, conditions that are highly stringent, and means for achieving them, are well known in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) (supra); Berger and Kimmel (1987) pp. 467-469 (supra); and Anderson and Young (1985)(supra).

Hybridization experiments are generally conducted in a buffer of pH between 6.8 to 7.4, although the rate of hybridization is nearly independent of pH at ionic strengths likely to be used in the hybridization buffer (Anderson and Young (1985)(supra)). In addition, one or more of the following may be used to reduce non-specific hybridization: sonicated salmon sperm DNA or another non-complementary DNA, bovine serum albumin, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, ficoll and Denhardt's solution. Dextran sulfate and polyethylene glycol 6000 act to exclude DNA from solution, thus raising the effective probe DNA concentration and the hybridization signal within a given unit of time. In some instances, conditions of even greater stringency may be desirable or required to reduce non-specific and/or background hybridization. These conditions may be created with the use of higher temperature, lower ionic strength and higher concentration of a denaturing agent such as formamide.

Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, or to highly similar fragments such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. The stringency can be adjusted either during the hybridization step or in the post-hybridization washes. Salt concentration, formamide concentration, hybridization temperature and probe lengths are variables that can be used to alter stringency. As a general guideline, high stringency is typically performed at T_(m)−5° C. to T_(m)−20° C., moderate stringency at T_(m)−20° C. to T_(m)−35° C. and low stringency at T_(m)−35° C. to T_(m)−50° C. for duplex >150 base pairs. Hybridization may be performed at low to moderate stringency (25-50° C. below T_(m)), followed by post-hybridization washes at increasing stringencies. Maximum rates of hybridization in solution are determined empirically to occur at T_(m)−25° C. for DNA-DNA duplex and T_(m)−15° C. for RNA-DNA duplex. Optionally, the degree of dissociation may be assessed after each wash step to determine the need for subsequent, higher stringency wash steps.

High stringency conditions may be used to select for nucleic acid sequences with high degrees of identity to the disclosed sequences. An example of stringent hybridization conditions obtained in a filter-based method such as a Southern or northern blot for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids that have more than 100 complementary residues is about 5° C. to 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.

Hybridization and wash conditions that may be used to bind and remove polynucleotides with less than the desired homology to the nucleic acid sequences or their complements that encode the present polypeptides include, for example: 6×SSC and 1% SDS at 65° C.; 50% formamide, 4×SSC at 42° C.; 0.5×SSC to 2.0×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C. to 65° C.; or 0.1×SSC to 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C.-65° C.; with a first wash step of, for example, 10 minutes at about 42° C. with about 20% (v/v) formamide in 0.1×SSC, and with, for example, a subsequent wash step with 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. for 10, 20 or 30 minutes.

For identification of less closely related homologs, wash steps may be performed at a lower temperature, e.g., 50° C. An example of a low stringency wash step employs a solution and conditions of at least 25° C. in 30 mM NaCl, 3 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS over 30 min. Greater stringency may be obtained at 42° C. in 15 mM NaCl, with 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS over 30 min. Wash procedures will generally employ at least two final wash steps. Additional variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art (see, for example, US Patent Application No. 20010010913).

If desired, one may employ wash steps of even greater stringency, including conditions of 65° C.-68° C. in a solution of 15 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS, or about 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice, each wash step of 10, 20 or 30 min in duration, or about 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice for 10, 20 or 30 min. Hybridization stringency may be increased further by using the same conditions as in the hybridization steps, with the wash temperature raised about 3° C. to about 5° C., and stringency may be increased even further by using the same conditions except the wash temperature is raised about 6° C. to about 9° C.

Polynucleotide probes may be prepared with any suitable label, including a fluorescent label, a colorimetric label, a radioactive label, or the like. Labeled hybridization probes for detecting related polynucleotide sequences may be produced, for example, by oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.

Vectors for Delivering and Expressing Polypeptides of the Disclosure

Each polynucleotide of the present disclosure may be incorporated into an expression vector. “Expression vector” or “vector” refers to a compound and/or composition that transduces, transforms, or infects a host cell, thereby causing the cell to express polynucleotides and/or proteins other than those native to the cell, or in a manner not native to the cell. An “expression vector” contains a sequence of polynucleotides (ordinarily RNA or DNA) to be expressed by the host cell. Optionally, the expression vector also includes materials to aid in achieving entry of the polynucleotide into the host cell, such as a virus, liposome, protein coating, or the like. The expression vectors contemplated for use in the present disclosure include those into which a polynucleotide sequence can be inserted, along with any preferred or required operational elements. Further, the expression vector must be one that can be transferred into a host cell and replicated therein. Preferred expression vectors are plasmids, particularly those with restriction sites that have been well-documented and that contain the operational elements preferred or required for transcription of the polynucleotide sequence. Such plasmids, as well as other expression vectors, are well-known in the art.

Incorporation of the individual polynucleotides may be accomplished through known methods that include, for example, the use of restriction enzymes (such as BamHI, EcoRI, HhaI, XhoI, XmaI, and so forth) to cleave specific sites in the expression vector, e.g., plasmid. The restriction enzyme produces single stranded ends that may be annealed to a polynucleotide having, or synthesized to have, a terminus with a sequence complementary to the ends of the cleaved expression vector. Annealing is performed using an appropriate enzyme, e.g., DNA ligase. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, both the expression vector and the desired polynucleotide are often cleaved with the same restriction enzyme, thereby assuring that the ends of the expression vector and the ends of the polynucleotide are complementary to each other. In addition, DNA linkers may be used to facilitate linking of polynucleotide sequences into an expression vector.

A series of individual polynucleotides can also be combined by utilizing methods that are known in the art (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195). For example, each of the desired polynucleotides can be initially generated in a separate PCR. Thereafter, specific primers are designed such that the ends of the PCR products contain complementary sequences. When the PCR products are mixed, denatured, and reannealed, the strands having the matching sequences at their 3′ ends overlap and can act as primers for each other. Extension of this overlap by DNA polymerase produces a molecule in which the original sequences are “spliced” together. In this way, a series of individual polynucleotides may be “spliced” together and subsequently transduced into a host cell simultaneously. Thus, expression of each of the plurality of polynucleotides is affected.

Individual polynucleotides, or “spliced” polynucleotides, are then incorporated into an expression vector. The present disclosure is not limited with respect to the process by which the polynucleotide is incorporated into the expression vector. Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with the necessary steps for incorporating a polynucleotide into an expression vector. A typical expression vector contains the desired polynucleotide preceded by one or more regulatory regions, along with a ribosome binding site, e.g., a nucleotide sequence that is 3-9 nucleotides in length and located 3-11 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon in E. coli. See Shine and Dalgarno (1975) Nature 254(5495):34-38 and Steitz (1979) Biological Regulation and Development (ed. Goldberger, R. F.), 1:349-399 (Plenum, New York).

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of the DNA sequence or polynucleotide such that the control sequence directs the expression of a polypeptide.

Regulatory regions include, for example, those regions that contain a promoter and an operator. A promoter is operably linked to the desired polynucleotide, thereby initiating transcription of the polynucleotide via an RNA polymerase enzyme. An operator is a sequence of polynucleotides adjacent to the promoter, which contains a protein-binding domain where a repressor protein can bind. In the absence of a repressor protein, transcription initiates through the promoter. When present, the repressor protein specific to the protein-binding domain of the operator binds to the operator, thereby inhibiting transcription. In this way, control of transcription is accomplished, based upon the particular regulatory regions used and the presence or absence of the corresponding repressor protein. Examples include lactose promoters (Lad repressor protein changes conformation when contacted with lactose, thereby preventing the Lad repressor protein from binding to the operator) and tryptophan promoters (when complexed with tryptophan, TrpR repressor protein has a conformation that binds the operator; in the absence of tryptophan, the TrpR repressor protein has a conformation that does not bind to the operator). Another example is the tac promoter (see de Boer et al., (1983) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80(1):21-25).

Methods of producing host cells of the disclosure may include the introduction or transfer of the expression vectors containing recombinant nucleic acids of the disclosure into the host cell. Such methods for transferring expression vectors into host cells are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, one method for transforming cells with an expression vector involves a calcium chloride treatment where the expression vector is introduced via a calcium precipitate. Other salts, e.g., calcium phosphate, may also be used following a similar procedure. In addition, electroporation (i.e., the application of current to increase the permeability of cells to nucleic acid sequences) may be used to transfect the host cell. Cells also may be transformed through the use of spheroplasts (Schweizer, M, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 78: 5086-5090 (1981). Also, microinjection of the nucleic acid sequences provides the ability to transfect host cells. Other means, such as lipid complexes, liposomes, and dendrimers, may also be employed. Those of ordinary skill in the art can transfect a host cell with a desired sequence using these or other methods.

In some cases, cells are prepared as protoplasts or spheroplasts prior to transformation. Protoplasts or spheroplasts may be prepared, for example, by treating a cell having a cell wall with enzymes to degrade the cell wall. Fungal cells may be treated, for example, with chitinase.

The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host, or a transposon may be used.

The vectors preferably contain one or more selectable markers which permit easy selection of transformed host cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides, for example, biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. Selection of bacterial cells may be based upon antimicrobial resistance that has been conferred by genes such as the amp, gpt, neo, and hyg genes.

Selectable markers for use in fungal host cells may include, for example, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents thereof. Suitable markers for S. cerevisiae hosts are, for example, ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3.

The vectors may contain an element(s) that permits integration of the vector into the host's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome.

For integration into the host genome, the vector may rely on the gene's sequence or any other element of the vector for integration of the vector into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Alternatively, the vector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host. The additional nucleotide sequences enable the vector to be integrated into the host genome at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s). To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids, such as 100 to 10,000 base pairs, 400 to 10,000 base pairs, or 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which are highly homologous with the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host. Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotide sequences. On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into the genome of the host by non-homologous recombination.

For autonomous replication, the vector may further contain an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host in question. The origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication which functions in a cell. The term “origin of replication” or “plasmid replicator” is defined herein as a sequence that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo.

Various promoters for regulation of expression of a recombinant nucleic acid of the disclosure in a vector are well-known in the art and include, for example, constitutive promoters and inducible promoters. Promoters are described, for example, in Sambrook, et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (2001). Promoter can be viral, bacterial, fungal, mammalian, or plant promoters. Additionally, promoters can be constitutive promoters, inducible promoters, environmentally regulated promoters, or developmentally regulated promoters. Examples of suitable promoters for regulating recombinant nucleic acid of the disclosure are well-known in the art. In some embodiments, expression of a recombinant polypeptide of the disclosure is under the control of a heterologous promoter. In some preferred embodiments, the promoter is a T7 promoter or a variation thereof.

More than one copy of a gene may be inserted into the host to increase production of the gene product. An increase in the copy number of the gene can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the gene into the host genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with the nucleotide sequence where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the gene, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent.

The procedures used to ligate the elements described above to construct the recombinant expression vectors of the present disclosure are well-known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). When only a single expression vector is used (without the addition of an intermediate), the vector will contain all of the nucleic acid sequences necessary.

Once a polypeptide of the present disclosure is expressed and produced in a host cell, the polypeptide may be purified to produce a substantially isolated polypeptide. Methods of isolation and purification of proteins are well-known in the art and are described herein. For example, recombinant polypeptides containing an affinity tag may be affinity purified from the host cell to yield an isolated polypeptide. Isolated polypeptides of the present disclosure may be used, for example, in various in vitro assays according to the methods of the present disclosure.

An expression vector which is configured to produce a polypeptide of the present disclosure may produce the polypeptide without the use of a host cell. For example, an in vitro transcription and in vitro translation system may be used to produce the polypeptide using the expression vector. The expression vector is preferably linearized prior to in vitro transcription. Methods of in vitro transcription and translation are well-known in the art, as are methods of purifying translated proteins from such in vitro systems.

Host Cells of the Disclosure

Host cells of the present disclosure are capable of producing a terminal olefin from a fatty acid substrate. Host cells of the disclosure produce a polypeptide of the disclosure and may be cultured under conditions such that the polypeptide facilitates the production of a terminal olefin from a fatty acid.

“Host cell” may refer to a living biological cell that can be manipulated to alter, for example, the activity of one or more polypeptides in the cell. For example, host cells may be transformed via insertion of recombinant DNA or RNA. Such recombinant DNA or RNA can be in an expression vector. Further, host cells may be subject to mutagenesis to induce mutations in polypeptide-encoding polynucleotides. Host cells that have been genetically modified are recombinant host cells.

The host cells of the present disclosure may be genetically modified. For example, recombinant nucleic acids may have been introduced into the host cells or the host cells may have mutations introduced into endogenous and/or exogenous polynucleotides, and as such the genetically modified host cells do not occur in nature. A suitable host cell may be, for example, one that is capable of expressing one or more nucleic acid constructs for different functions such as, for example, recombinant protein expression.

In some embodiments, host cells contain a recombinant nucleic acid of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, host cells of the present disclosure contain a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, host cells of the present disclosure contain a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a homolog or fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 such as, for example, any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, and/or any one of SEQ ID NO: 6-SEQ ID NO: 32. When the recombinant nucleotide is expressed in the host to produce a polypeptide such as, for example, the polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1, the recombinant polypeptide may facilitate the production of terminal olefins from fatty acids when the host cell has been contacted with a fatty acid.

In some embodiments, host cells of the present disclosure contain a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39, or a homolog thereof (e.g. any one of SEQ ID NO: 40-SEQ ID NO: 53). In some embodiments, host cells of the present disclosure contain a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1, or a homolog thereof (e.g. any one of SEQ ID NO: 2-SEQ ID NO: 32), and a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39, or a homolog thereof (e.g. any one of SEQ ID NO: 40-SEQ ID NO: 53). In some embodiments, host cells of the present disclosure contain a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a protein including the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 33-38, and a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39, or a homolog thereof (e.g. any one of SEQ ID NO: 40-SEQ ID NO: 53).

Source of Host Cells

Host cells of the present disclosure may include or be derived from a variety of sources readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Host cells of the present disclosure may be prokaryotic such as, for example, an organism from the kingdom Eubacteria, which includes species of bacteria. In some embodiments, a prokaryotic host cell may include, for example, a cell from the bacterium E. coli (Dien, B. S. et al., 2003; Yomano, L. P. et al., 1998; Moniruzzaman et al., 1996), Bacillus subtilis (Susana Romero et al., 2007), Zymomonas mobilis (B. S. Dien et al., 2003; Weuster Botz, 1993; Alterthum and Ingram, 1989), Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (Marietta Smith, 2009), or Klebsiella oxytoca (Dien, B. S. et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2001; Brooks and Ingram, 1995). In other embodiments, the prokaryotic host cells are Carboxydocella sp. (Dominik et al., 2007), Corynebacterium glutamicum (Masayuki Inui, et al., 2004), Enterobacteriaceae (Ingram et al., 1995), Erwinia chrysanthemi (Zhou and Ingram, 2000; Zhou et al., 2001), Lactobacillus sp. (McCaskey, T. A., et al., 1994), Pediococcus acidilactici (Zhou, S. et al., 2003), Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (X. Y. Shi et al., 2004), Streptococcus lactis (J. C. Tang et al., 1988), Vibrio furnissii (L. P. Wackett, 2010), Vibrio furnissii M1 (Park et al., 2001), Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (Z. Kadar et al., 2004), or Xanthomonas campestris (S. T. Yang et al., 1987). In other embodiments, the host cells are cyanobacteria. Additional examples of bacterial host cells may include, for example, those species assigned to the Escherichia, Enterobacter, Azotobacter, Erwinia, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Rhizobia, Vitreoscilla, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, and Paracoccus taxonomical classes.

Host cells of the present disclosure may also be eukaryotic and may include, for example, fungal, plant, insect and mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the host cell is from a fungal strain. Fungi may include, for example, the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota as well as the Oomycota and all mitosporic fungi. In some embodiments, the host cell is from yeast such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In other embodiments, the host cell is from yeast such as, for example, a Candida, Hansenula, Issatchenkia, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia strain. In other embodiments, the yeast host is a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (Todkar, 2010), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Duarte et al., 2009), Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, Saccharomyces monacensis (GB-Analysts Reports, 2008), Saccharomyces bayanus (Kristen Publicover, 2010), Saccharomyces pastorianus (Nakao et al., 2007), Saccharomyces pombe (Mousdale, 2008), or Saccharomyces oviformis strain. In yet other embodiments, the yeast host is Kluyveromyces lactis (O. W. Merten, 2001), Kluyveromyces fragilis (Pestal et al., 2006; Siso, 1996), Kluyveromyces marxiamus (K. Kourkoutas et al., 2008), Pichia stipitis (Almeida et al., 2008), Candida shehatae (Ayhan Demirbas, 2003), or Candida tropicalis (Jamai et al., 2006). In other embodiments, the yeast host may be Yarrowia lipolytica (Biryukova E. N., 2009), Brettanomyces custersii (Spindler D. D. et al., 1992), or Zygosaccharomyces roux (Chaabane et al., 2006).

In some embodiments, the host cell may be, for example, any one of Acinetobacter baumannii, A. baumannii, A. baumannii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus ATCC 19194, A. haemolyticus, Acinetobacter baylyi, A. baylyi, Burkholderia mallei, B. mallei ATCC 23344, B. mallei PRL-20, Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei 406e, Burkholderia thailandensis E264, B. thailandensis MSMB121, B. thailandensis MSMB43, Myxococcus xanthus DK 1622, Myxococcus fulvus HW-1, Myxococcus stipitatus DSM 14675, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-14, P. aeruginosa PAO1, P. aeruginosa M18, Pseudomonas putida F1, P. putida KT2440, P. putida S16, Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5, P. fluorescens Pf0-1, P. fluorescens F113, Pseudomonas syringae Cit7, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728.

Host cells of the present disclosure may also include, for example, host cells that produce excess quantities of free fatty acids. Host cells of the present disclosure that produce excess quantities of free fatty acids may be modified to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a corresponding unmodified host cell. The modification may be, for example, genetic modification. Where the modification is a genetic modification, a corresponding unmodified host cell may be, for example, a host cell that lacks the same genetic modification facilitating the production of excess quantities of free fatty acids in the modified host cell.

Host cells that produce excess quantities of free fatty acids, as well as methods of making such host cells, are known in the art. In some embodiments, beta-oxidation has been eliminated in the host cell, which leads to reduced utilization of fatty acids. Elimination of beta-oxidation in a host cell such as, for example, E. coli, may be accomplished via a ΔfadD deletion, or deletion of a homolog of fadD. In some embodiments, the host cell is engineered to encourage production of fatty acids from precursors. This may be accomplished, for example, by the overexpression of one or more thioesterases such as, for example, TesA′ and FatB1, from Cinnamomum camphorum. In some embodiments, the host cell is engineered to encourage production of malonyl-coA, which is involved in elongating fatty acid chains. This may be accomplished, for example, by the overexpression of an acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) such as, for example, the acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) from E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell is engineered to limit the fatty acid yield to shorter chain fatty acids in the C12-C14 range. This may be accomplished, for example, by the overexpression of the thioesterase from Umbellularia californica (UcTE) (Lennen et al., Trends in Cell Biology 30:12, pp. 659-667, 2012). In some embodiments, the host cell is engineered for reverse beta-oxidation. Host cells such as, for example, E. coli, may be engineered for reverse beta-oxidation by, for example, reducing or eliminating the activity of the fadR, atoC(c), crp, arcA, adhE, pta, frdA, fucO, yqhD, and fadD genes or homologs thereof, as well as overexpressing FadBA and at least one thioesterase from the group including TesA TesB, FadM, and YciA, or homologs thereof. The particular thioesterase overexpressed may impact the chain length distribution of the final products (Dellomonaco et al., Nature 475, pp. 355-359, 2011). In some embodiments, host cells of the present disclosure overexpress a FatB2 protein from Umbellularia californica, which may be codon-optomized (e.g. UcFatB2 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 54).

Various other host cells that produce excess quantities of free fatty acids are known in the art. For example, the E. coli strains S001-pJT208, 5002-pJT208, GAS2-strains, and fadD-deleted GAS2 strains are exemplary organisms that produce excess quantities of free fatty acids (Torella, J. P et al., PNAS, 2013; Choi, Y J et al., Nature, 2013). Additional examples of host cells that produce excess quantities of free fatty acids, as well as methods of producing such host cells, will be apparent to one of skill in the art.

Exemplary fatty acid accumulating organisms that are suitable as a source of host cells include Rhodococcus (such as Rhodococcus sp. PD600), oleaginous yeast, Pseudomonas putida (such as P. putida F1 and P. putida KT2440), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (such as P. fluorescens Pf-5 and P. fluorescens Pf0-1).

Additional host cells suitable for use in the methods of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure.

Methods of Producing Terminal Olefins

The methods of the present disclosure relate to the use of polypeptides which facilitate the production of terminal olefins from fatty acids as substrates. In some embodiments, a polypeptide which facilitates the conversion of a fatty acid into a terminal olefin is expressed in a host cell. In other embodiments, a polypeptide which facilitates the conversion of a fatty acid into a terminal olefin is contacted with a fatty acid in vitro.

Conditions for Host Cells

In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure include contacting a host cell containing a recombinant polypeptide of the disclosure such as, for example, SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or SEQ ID NO: 39, or homologs thereof, with a fatty acid, and culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

Standard methods of culturing organisms such as, for example, bacteria and yeast, are well-known in the art and are described herein. For example, host cells may be cultured in a standard growth media under standard temperature and pressure conditions, and in an aerobic environment. Standard growth media for various host cells are commercially available and well-known in the art, as are standard conditions for growing various host cells. Suitable conditions for facilitating the production of terminal olefins from fatty acids by host cells are described herein and will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, E. coli cells transformed to express and produce SEQ ID NO: 1 may be cultured in LB medium at 37° C. in the presence of a fatty acid to produce a terminal olefin.

In some embodiments, various compounds and/or reagents may be added to the growth medium of a host cell that produces a recombinant polypeptide of the disclosure to enhance or facilitate the production of terminal olefins from fatty acids. In some embodiments, the culture medium may be supplemented with iron (Fe) or a source of iron. In some embodiments, the culture medium may be supplemented with ascorbic acid. The culture media may be supplemented with combinations of various compounds and/or reagents, such as, for example, a source of iron, ascorbic acid, and/or cysteine.

In Vitro Assays

In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure include contacting a fatty acid with a recombinant polypeptide of the disclosure such as, for example, SEQ ID NO: 1 or homologs thereof, and/or SEQ ID NO: 39 or homologs thereof, and incubating the fatty acid under conditions such that a terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.

Standard methods of performing in vitro enzymatic assays are well-known in the art and are described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, a polypeptide of the present disclosure is expressed in a host cell and substantially purified. The substantially purified polypeptide may be added to an in vitro assay platform, such, for example, as a well of a 96-well plate, where the well contains a fatty acid, such as lauric acid. The purified polypeptide and the fatty acid may be incubated together for a period of time to allow production of a terminal olefin from the fatty acid.

In some embodiments, various compounds and/or reagents may be added to the in vitro platform containing a polypeptide of the disclosure and a fatty acid to enhance or facilitate the production of terminal olefins from fatty acids. In some embodiments, the platform may be supplemented with iron (Fe) or a source of iron. In some embodiments, the platform may be supplemented with ascorbic acid. The platform may be supplemented with combinations of various compounds and/or reagents, such as, for example, a source of iron, ascorbic acid, and/or cysteine.

Fatty Acids

The methods of the present disclosure relate to conversion of fatty acids into terminal olefins by polypeptides. Fatty acids may be endogenously produced by host cells, or they may be exogenously added to the growth culture of host cells as supplemental fatty acids. In in vitro assays, fatty acids may be added to the in vitro platform such as, for example, a 96-well plate or other suitable platform for carrying out an enzymatic reaction.

Various fatty acids are well-known in the art and may be used in the methods of the present disclosure as substrates for the production of terminal olefins. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a medium-chain fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-14 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-C16 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C14-C20 fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is a C10-C20 fatty acid. The species of fatty acid substrate used in the methods of the present disclosure is a determinant of the species of terminal olefin produced from fatty acid. In some embodiments where the fatty acid is a medium chain fatty acid, the medium-chain fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid. In some embodiments where the fatty acid is a medium-chain fatty acid, the medium-chain fatty used to produce a terminal olefin by a polypeptide of the present disclosure is lauric acid. Other suitable medium-chain fatty acids may include, for example, myristic acid, capric acid, 11-bromoundecanoic acid, 12-bromododecanoic acid, 10-undecynoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, 12-aminododecanoic, 11-methyldodecanoic acid, 4-methyldodecanoic acid, and hydroxydodecanoic acid. Additional suitable fatty acids that may be used in the methods of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure.

Terminal Olefins

The methods of the present disclosure relate to the production of terminal olefins by polypeptides where fatty acids are used as substrates. The species of terminal olefin produced by the methods of the present disclosure is a function of the species of fatty acid used as the substrate. In some embodiments, the terminal olefin produced by the methods of the present disclosure is a C9-C13 terminal olefin. In some embodiments, the terminal olefin produced is 1-undecene. Other terminal olefins that may be produced from the methods of the present disclosure may include, for example, 1-nonene, 1-tridecene, 10-bromodec-1-ene, 11-bromoundec-1-ene, dec-1-en-9-yne, 11-aminoundec-1-ene, 10-methylundec-1-ene, 3-methylundec-1-ene, and 1-undecanal. Additional terminal olefins that may be produced by the methods of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure. In general, the methods of the present disclosure result in a species of fatty acid being converted into its corresponding “minus-1-carbon” 1-alkene, or “M-1 carbon” 1-alkene.

In some embodiments, after a terminal olefin has been produced from a fatty acid substrate, a recovery step may be performed to recover the terminal olefin from the host cell, the growth medium, or the in vitro assay platform. Methods for the recovery of terminal olefins may include, for example, the use of organosolvents or evaporation techniques to trap volatile hydrocarbons. Additional methods of recovering hydrocarbons, such as terminal olefins, are well-known in the art.

Terminal olefins that have been recovered from a host cell may be referred to as substantially purified terminal olefins. A substantially purified terminal olefin generally refers to a terminal olefin that is substantially free of contaminating agents (e.g. cellular material and other culture medium components) from the culture medium source where the terminal olefin is produced by the host cell. For example, a substantially purified terminal olefin may be in association with less than 30%, 20%, 10%, and more preferably 5% or less (by weight) contaminating agents. A composition containing a substantially purified terminal olefin preparation may include, for example, a composition where culture medium (and associated contaminating agents) represents less than about 20%, sometimes less than about 10%, and often less than about 5% of the volume of the terminal olefin preparation.

The yield of the terminal olefin may be, for example, about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2 μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4 μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6 μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8 μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, about 10 μg/mL, about 11 μg/mL, about 12 μg/mL, about 13 μg/mL, about 14 μg/mL, about 15 μg/mL, about 16 μg/mL, about 17 μg/mL, about 18 μg/mL, about 19 μg/mL, about 20 μg/mL, about 21 μg/mL, about 22 μg/mL, about 23 μg/mL, about 24 μg/mL, about 25 μg/mL, about 26 μg/mL, about 27 μg/mL, about 28 μg/mL, about 29 μg/mL, or about 30 μg/mL or more terminal olefin.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are offered for illustrative purposes and to aid one of skill in better understanding the various embodiments of the disclosure. The following examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

Example 1: Microbial Biosynthesis of Medium-Chain 1-Alkenes

This Example demonstrates the use of a single enzyme from Pseduomonas fluorescens Pf-5 to convert medium-chain fatty acids into their corresponding terminal olefins using an oxygen-activating, non-heme iron dependent mechanism. This enzyme, PFL_4321, is conserved in pseudomonads and closely-related species with more than 400 enzyme homologs identified. Heterologous expression of selected homologs in Escherichia coli ubiquitously leads to the production and secretion of medium-chain 1-alkenes. These findings open the road for tailored conversion of renewable raw materials to fuels and chemical commodities.

Materials and Methods

Bacterial Strains, Plasmids, and Instruments

E. coli Top10 and E. coli BL21 Gold (DE3) were purchased from Invitrogen. Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5, P. aeruginosa PAO-1, P. aeruginosa PA14, P. syringae pv. syringae B301D, P. syringae pv. syringae B728a, P. putida F1, P. putida ATCC 17633, P. putida S12, and Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Pseudomonas syringae TLP2, P. syringae Cit7, and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 were obtained from Prof. Steven Lindow of UC Berkeley. P. aeruginosa PA14 transposon insertion mutants were purchased from Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, Mass.).

Media and chemicals were purchased from Difco, Sigma-Aldrich, and EMD Chemicals. Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized by Elim Biopharm, and PCR was performed with Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix (NEB). Cloning was performed using the Xa/LIC Cloning Kit (Novagen), Zero Blunt PCR Cloning Kit (Invitrogen), or restriction enzymes from NEB. Recombinant plasmid DNA was purified with a QIAprep kit (Qiagen). DNA sequencing was performed at Quintara Biosciences (Albany, Calif.). Site-directed mutagenesis was performed by using the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent). SDS-PAGE gels and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose (Ni-NTA) superflow resin were purchased from Biorad and Qiagen, respectively. Protein samples were concentrated using the 10 kDa cutoff Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Units (Millipore). DNA and protein concentrations were determined by a Nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).

Typical GC-MS analysis was conducted on a Varian CP-3800 instrument equipped with a Varian 320-MS using a Varian factorFOUR capillary column (30 m, 0.25 mm, DF=0.25). Carbon dioxide analysis was performed with a gastight syringe (Hamilton) and Agilent 5975C GCMS system equipped with Agilent Technologies J&W HP-PLOT Q column (30 m, 0.32 mm, 20.00 μm).

Bacterial Growth and Hydrocarbon Analysis

E. coli, P. aeruginosa PAO-1, and P. aeruginosa PA14 strains were grown in 5 mL of LB medium overnight at 37° C., while all the other Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter strains were grown at 30° C. For 1-undecene production, 50 μL of seed culture was used to inoculate 5 mL of LB medium supplemented with 100 μM of lauric acid. The culture was shaken in a sealed 20 mL headspace vial (Agilent certified) containing a stir bar at 30° C. for 36 hr. After incubation, an SPME fiber (30 μm polydimethylsiloxane, Supelco, Sigma-Aldrich Group, Bellefonte, Pa.) was manually inserted into the headspace vial and incubated at 25° C. for 12.5 min. GC-MS analysis was conducted on a Varian CP-3800 instrument equipped with a Varian 320-MS. The analytes were desorbed from the fiber at 280° C. in a splitless injector equipped with a 78.5 mm×6.5 mm×0.75 mm liner (Sigma), and developed on a Varian factorFOUR capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, DF=0.25) using helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) and the following temperature gradient: initial 50° C. for 3 min, ramped at 10° C./min to 130° C., ramped at 30° C./min to 300° C., and then held for 5 min. The mass spectrometer was operated in electron ionization mode with automatically tuned parameters; the acquired mass range was 15-250. The signals of the 1-alkenes were identified and quantified by comparison with authentic samples (MP Biomedicals), which were diluted in ethyl acetate, added to 5 mL of culture medium in a sealed headspace vial, and sampled by the same SPME-GCMS method as described above.

Identification of the Undecene Biosynthetic Gene

Molecular biology procedures and DNA manipulations were carried out according to standard protocols. The fosmid genomic library of P. fluorescens Pf-5 was constructed using a pCC2Fos CopyControl library kit following the manufacturer's protocol (Epicentre Biotechnologies) (FIG. 2). The host used for library construction was E. coli EPI300. 10 individual colonies were combined to inoculate 500 μL of LB with chloramphenicol (25 μg/mL) in each well of the 96 deepwell plates (Nunc), and 6 plates were generated from a library of ˜6000 fosmids. To screen the library, 30 μL of seed culture from each tens-of-clones was used to inoculate 3 mL of LB with chloramphenicol (25 μg/mL) and CopyControl Fosmid Autoinduction Solution (Epicentre Biotechnologies), and the culture was shaken in a sealed 20-mL headspace vial containing a stir bar (Agilent certified) at 30° C. for 36 hr. The headspace volatiles were sampled by the SPME GC-MS method mentioned above to screen for 1-undecene-producing cultures. Positive tens-of-clones were sub-cultured, and another round of screening was performed to identify single 1-undecene-producing clones. Three fosmids: 6F8, 6E2, and 4F3, were sequenced to reveal a 15-kb overlapping region.

The overlapping insertion region of 6F8 was digested with HindIII/XbaI and ligated into pCR-Blunt vector to give pZR52 (FIG. 2). After E. coli EPI300 (pZR52) was confirmed to produce 1-undecene, pZR52 was digested with BglII/HindIII or BglII/XbaI and ligated into pCR-Blunt to yield pZR56 or pZR57, respectively. pZR56 and pZR57 were subsequently introduced into E. coli TOP10 (Invitrogen) to examine 1-undecene production as mentioned above. As E. coli EPI300 (pZR57) but not E. coli EPI300 (pZR56) produced 1-undecene, pZR57 was further digested with SmaI/XbaI to give pZR59, which conferred 1-undecene production in E. coli TOP10 (pZR59). PFL_4321 was PCR-amplified by using pZR60-F/R as primers (Table 1) and pZR59 as template, and cloned into pET-30Xa-LIC under a T7 promoter to yield pZR60.

TABLE 1 Primers Used in this Study SEQ Primer ID Name Sequence NO: pZR60-F GGTATTGAGGGTCGCATGATCGACACATT 55 CAGCCG pZR60-R AGAGGAGAGTTAGAGCCTCAGCCTTCGGC 56 CAGTGC pZR60-F_HRV3C* GGTATTGAGGGTCGCCTTGAAGTCCTCTT 57 TCAGGGACCCATGATCGACACATTCAGCCG pZR80_F GGTATTGAGGGTCGCATGATCGACACTTT 58 CGAGAG pZR80 R AGAGGAGAGTTAGAGCCCTACATTTCCAG 59 TGCGGC pZR95_F GGTATTGAGGGTCGCA TGAGCGAGTTCT 60 TTGACCG pZR95_R AGAGGAGAGTTAGAGCC CTACTCCGCGC 61 CGACCGC pZR96_F GGTATTGAGGGTCGCATGTTTGAATCAAA 62 CAGTTA pZR96_R AGAGGAGAGTTAGAGCCTTATTGATGTTT 63 ATAACA pZR97_F GGTATTGAGGGTCGCA TGGAAATCACAA 64 GGATCAA pZR97_R AGAGGAGAGTTAGAGCC TCAGCCCGCAG 65 CCAACGC pZR60_E101A_F GCAATATCCGGGTCGCGCTCAATCATGCC 66 GA pZR60_E101A_R TCGGCATGATTGAGCGCGACCCGGATATT 67 GC pZR60_H104A_F CAGTAATCGGCAGCATTGAGCTCGACCCG 68 GATATTGC pZR60_H104A_R GCAATATCCGGGTCGAGCTCAATGCTGCC 69 GATTACTG pZR60_E159A_F CCGTGGCCCCTGCAATGGCGTAGTTGGTG 70 pZR60_E159A_R CACCAACTACGCCATTGCAGGGGCCACGG 71 pZR60_H194A_F GAAGTGGCTGAAGATGGCTGCCCAGTACG 72 ACGAC pZR60_H194A_R GTCGTCGTACTGGGCAGCCATCTTCAGCC 73 ACTTC pESC-und-F TATGGATCCAAAAAATGATCGACACATTC 74 AGCCG pESC-und-R AAAGTCGACTCAGCCTTCGGCCAGTGCCA 75 *the human rhinovirus 3C proteinase site is underlined

All of the plasmid constructs were confirmed by DNA sequencing. pZR60 was introduced into E. coli BL21 Gold (DE3), which was grown at 37° C. in 30 mL of LB medium supplemented with 50 μg/mL kanamycin. Once the OD₆₀₀ reached 0.4, a 5 mL aliquot was transferred into the headspace vial and induced with 0.1 mM of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 16° C. for 16 hr. 1-Undecene production was detected by using the SPME-GCMS method. PFL_4320 was also overexpressed in E. coli BL21, but failed to enable the 1-undecene production.

Overexpression and Purification of Undecene Biosynthetic Enzymes

To overexpress PFL_4321 for enzymatic analysis, E. coli BL21 Gold (DE3, pZR60) was grown in 1 L of LB medium with 50 μg/mL kanamycin until OD₆₀₀ 0.6, harvested, and lysed as mentioned below. The insoluble fraction was removed by centrifugation, and the soluble proteins were incubated with 1 mL of Ni-NTA beads (Qiagen) on a nutator at 4° C. for 1 hr. The proteins were then loaded onto a gravity flow column, washed with washing buffer (50 mM imidazole, 20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8.5), and eluted with eluting buffer (250 mM imidazole, 20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8.5). Purified proteins were exchanged into 20 mM Tris (pH 8.5) and 300 mM NaCl using Amicon Centrifugal Filter Units, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and preserved at −80° C.

To overexpress PFL_4321 for X-ray crystallization, the gene was PCR-amplified by using pZR60-F_HRV3C/pZR60-R as primers (Table 1) and pZR59 as template, and cloned into pET-30Xa-LIC under a T7 promoter to yield pZR60_HRV3C. E. coli BL21 Gold (DE3, pZR60_HRV3c) was grown in 1 L of Terrific Broth medium (24 g/L yeast extract, 12 g/L tryptone, and 10 g/L NaCl, pH 7.4) containing 6 mL of glycerol and 50 μg/mL kanamycin to an OD₆₀₀ of 1.0-1.2. The culture was cooled on ice for 10 min, induced with 0.1 mM of IPTG, and grown at 180 rpm and 25° C. for 12 hr. The cells were spun down and resuspended in 70 mL of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.5, 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole, and Sigma® protease inhibitor cocktail), and lysed on ice by homogenization using a Emulsiflex-C3 homogenizer. The soluble proteins were collected by centrifugation at 20,000 g and 4° C. for 1 hr, and the supernatant was loaded onto a 5-mL Ni-affinity HisTrap HP column (GE Healthcare). The recombinant PFL_4321 was eluted with a gradient of 50-300 mM imidazole in 20 mM Tris (pH 8.5) and 300 mM NaCl, and the imidazole was thoroughly removed by passing the eluent through a Hiprep 26/10 desalting column (GE Healthcare). 100 mg of His-tagged PFL_4321 was digested with 0.5 mg of human rhinovirus 3C proteinase (QB3 Macrolab, UC Berkeley) at 4° C. for 20 hr. The digested mixture was loaded onto a 5-mL Ni-affinity HisTrap HP column (GE Healthcare). The flow-through was collected, added with 0.85 M ammonium sulfate, and loaded onto a Resource PHE column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 1 M ammonium sulfate and 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 at room temperature. Bound PFL_4321 was eluted with a gradient of 850-0 mM ammonium sulfate and 20 mM Tris over 50 column volumes, and concentrated in 10 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, and 200 mM ammonium sulfate with Amicon® Ultra filters for crystallization.

Detection of Carbon Dioxide

A 9.5 mL of reaction mixture contains 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 300 mM NaCl, 100 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 100 μM lauric acid, and 10 μM enzyme. The reaction was performed in a 10-ml sealed headspace vial (Agilent), initiated by adding the enzyme, and incubated at 30° C. for 1 hr. 100 μL of the headspace gas was acquired using a gastight syringe (Hamilton) and injected into Agilent 5975C GCMS system equipped with an Agilent Technologies J&W HP-PLOT Q column (30 m, 0.32 mm, 20.00 μm). Injector temperature was set at 120° C., and helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow-rate of 3 mL/min. The temperature gradient was as follows: initial 40° C. for 5 min, ramped at 30° C./min to 240° C., and then held for 1 min. The mass spectrometer was operated in electron ionization mode with automatically tuned parameters, and the acquired mass range was m/z=15-200. The CO₂ signal was identified by the same retention time as the authentic sample prepared with dry-ice, and ¹³CO₂ was quantified by extracting m/z=45.

In Vitro Anaerobic Enzymatic Assays

All of the reagents were bubbled with nitrogen gas and equilibrated in the anaerobic chamber overnight before use. E. coli BL21 Gold (DE3, pZR60_HRV3c) was grown, harvested, and lysed as mentioned above. The insoluble fraction was removed by centrifugation, and the soluble proteins were incubated with 1 mL of Ni-NTA beads (Qiagen) on a nutator at 4° C. for 1 hr. The proteins were then moved into the anaerobic chamber, loaded onto a gravity flow column, washed with washing buffer (50 mM imidazole, 20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8.5), and eluted with eluting buffer (300 mM imidazole, 20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8.5). Purified proteins were exchanged into 20 mM Tris (pH 8.5) and 300 mM NaCl by passing through a desalting column (GE Disposable PD-10), and then concentrated using Amicon Centrifugal Filter Units. The protein solution was equilibrated in the anaerobic chamber on a Thermomixer at 4° C. overnight.

Glucose oxidase and catalase powder (Sigma) were dissolved in 20 mM Tris (pH 8.5) in the anaerobic chamber to make stock solutions at 100 U/mL and 6,000 U/mL, respectively. 1 mL of reaction mixture contains 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 300 mM NaCl, 100 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 100 μM lauric acid, 2 U/mL glucose oxidase, 120 U/mL catalase, 15 mM glucose, and 10 μM PFL_4321. The reaction was initiated by adding PFL_4321, incubated for 1 min, and quenched with 1 mL of 5 M NaOH in a sealed headspace vial. The control group lacked glucose oxidase and was performed in the presence of ambient oxygen. SPME-GCMS detection of 1-undecene was performed as described as above.

Enzymatic Assays

A typical condition is as follows: 1 mL of reaction mixture contains 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 300 mM NaCl, 100 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 100 μM fatty acid substrate or analogs, and 10 μM enzyme. The reaction was performed in a sealed headspace vial at 30° C., initiated by adding lauric acid and quenched by injecting equal volume of 5 M NaOH. 1-Undecene production was analyzed and quantified by using the SPME-GCMS method. To determine the kinetic parameters of PFL_4321 on lauric acid, initial velocities at 1, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 μM of lauric acid were measured (25 mM lauric acid solution was prepared by adding 0.5% tergitol and heating at 65° C. for 10 min). The reactions were quenched at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 seconds, and the acquired turnover rates were fit to the Michaelis-Menten equation using GraphPad Prism to obtain k_(cat) and K_(m). The k_(cat) and K_(m) of myristic acid and capric acid were determined similarly.

Site-Directed Mutagenesis of PFL_4321

Glu₁₀₁, His₁₀₄, Glu₁₅₉, and His₁₉₄ in PFL_4321 were all mutated to Ala using the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent) following the manufacturer's protocol and using primers pZR60_E101A_F/R, pZR60_H104A_F/R, pZR60_E159A_F/R, and pZR60_H194A_F/R, respectively (Table 1). Mutations were verified by DNA sequencing.

Crystallization of PFL_4321

Purified PFL_4321 was incubated with 0.1 mM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ for 10 min, then buffer-exchanged into 10 mM Tris (pH 8.5), 100 mM NaCl, and 0.2 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ and concentrated to 10 mg/mL. PFL_4321 crystals were grown at room temperature using the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method in 0.1M MES, 1.8 M (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.2 mM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, pH 6.5-7.0. To obtain ligand bound structures, PFL_4321 was incubated with 2.5 mM DEA or BHDA on ice for 15 min before crystallization. X-ray diffraction data were collected at beamline 8.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The initial phases were obtained by the molecular replacement method using search models of PSPTO1738 (PDB entry: 3OQL). The structure models were iteratively built with COOT (P. Emsley et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 60, 2126, 2004), and refined with Phenix (P. D. Adams et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 58, 1948, 2002), and REFMAC5 (G. Murshudov et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 53, 240, 1997). Table 2 summarizes the statistics of data collection and refinement. The O—O bond lengths of the dioxygen species in 2,3-dodecenoic acid- and β-hydroxydodecanoic acid-bound proteins were refined without restraints on bond length. Simulated annealing omit maps were calculated with Phenix. Structural figures were prepared with the molecular visualization software PyMol (http://www.pymol.org).

TABLE 2 Crystallization data collection and refinement statistics APO DEA-bound BHDA-bound Data collection Space group C222 (21) P2221 (17) P2221 (17) Cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 141.38, 218.44, 67.31 67.48, 74.16, 142.50 67.41, 73.99, 142.51 α, β, γ (°) 90.00, 90.00, 90.00 90.00, 90.00, 90.00 90.00, 90.00, 90.00 Resolution (Å) 58.55-1.90 (1.94-1.90)* 71.25-1.80 (1.84-1.80)  73.99-1.70 (1.73-1.70)  CC(1/2) 0.995 (0.169) 0.996 (0.205) 0.999 (0.425) R_(merge) 0.12 (1.63) 0.17 (2.28) 0.085 (1.256) I/σ/ 9.7 (1.7) 8.1 (0.6) 14.5 (1.1)  Completeness (%) 99.9 (99.9) 97.0 (94.9) 95.8 (70.9) Redundancy 4.4 (4.3) 6.7 (4.9) 8.4 (5.1) Refinement Resolution (Å) 54.67-1.90 (1.97-1.90) 71.35-1.8 (1.86-1.80) 65.75-1.70 (1.76-1.70)  No. reflections 72,082 (8,157)  63,640 (6,049)  75,678 (5662)   R_(work)/R_(free) 0.143/0.194 (0.315/0.357) 0.161/0.229 (0.321/0.368) 0.137/0.185 (0.306/0.301) No. atoms Protein 4201 4170 4182 Ligand/ion 95 90 76 Water 558 497 564 B-factors Protein 34.40 33.70 29.90 Ligand/ion 55.30 60.90 52.30 Water 46.60 43.60 42.70 R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å) 0.021 0.011 0.011 Bond angles (°) 2.00 1.33 1.30 Ramachandran Favored (%) 98 98 99 Allowed (%) 2 2 2 Outlier (%) 0 0 0 *Values in parentheses are for the highest-resolution shell.

Small Scale 1-Alkene Production in E. coli

PSPTO_1738 (P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000), PA14_53120 (P. aeruginosa PA14), ACIAD2095 (Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1), and Pput_3952 (P. putida F1) were PCR-amplified by using pZR80-F/R, pZR95-F/R, pZR96-F/R, and pZR97-F/R as primers (Table 1) and their corresponding genomic DNA as templates, and cloned into pET-30Xa-LIC under a T7 promoter to yield pZR80, pZR95-97. All of the expression constructs were confirmed by DNA sequencing and introduced into E. coli BL21 Star for 1-undecene production. A starter E. coli culture was grown overnight in 5 mL of LB medium at 37° C. and 250 rpm, and 0.3 mL was used to inoculate 30 mL of LB medium supplemented with 0.5% glycerol and 50 μg/mL kanamycin, which was shaken at 37° C. until the OD₆₀₀ reached 0.6. A 3 mL aliquot was transferred into a culture tube with a loose cap, 300 μL octane was added, and the culture was induced with 0.1 mM IPTG at 30° C. for 24 hr. The octane layer was skimmed from the culture, centrifuged to remove the remaining medium, and dehydrated by adding magnesium sulfate anhydrate. 1 μL of extract was injected with a split ratio 10:1. The GCMS development method was identical to that mentioned above except that the initial 4.5 min was not recorded to avoid the solvent peak. A standard curve of 1-undecene was generated by extracting known amounts of 1-undecene from the culture media using the same way described herein.

Small-Scale 1-Alkene Production in S. cerevisiae

PFL_4321 was PCR-amplified by using pESC-und-F/-R as primers (Table 1) and pZR59 as template, digested with BamH1/Sal1, and ligated into the pESC-URA vector to yield pESC-PFL_4321. S. cerevisiae was then transformed with pESC-PFL_4321 using the lithium acetate method outlined in the pESC-URA manual (Stratagene). Transformants were selected by resistance to Geneticin. The cultures were grown in yeast-peptone media supplemented with 1% galactose in headspace GC vials at 30° C. for 36 hr before SPME-GCMS analysis.

Phylogenetic Analysis

MEGA 5.2 was applied for the sequence alignment and molecular evolutionary analysis of 1-undecene biosynthetic enzymes. The consensus phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method tested with Bootstrap with 1000 replications. Representative enzymes used in the tree construction were shown as follows: YP_001713821 (Acinetobacter baumannii 6013150), WP_000126118 (A. baumannii ATCC17978), and WP_009512776 (A. baumannii WC-323); WP_004639121 (Acinetobacter haemolyticus ATCC 19194) and WP_005090558 (A. haemolyticus NIPH 261); YP_046725 (Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1) and WP_004927551 (A. baylyi DSM 14961); YP_990704 (Burkholderia mallei SAVP1), YP_338554 (B. mallei ATCC 23344), and WP_004206269 (B. mallei PRL-20); YP_112319 (Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243), YP_001064242 (Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b), and WP_004523249 (Burkholderia pseudomallei 406e); YP_440524 (Burkholderia thailandensis E264), YP_007921242 (B. thailandensis MSMB121), and WP_006028320 (B. thailandensis MSMB43); YP_629506 (Myxococcus xanthus DK 1622); YP_004663502 (Myxococcus fulvus HW-1); YP_007358297 (Myxococcus stipitatus DSM 14675); YP_792415 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-14), NP_249553 (P. aeruginosa PAO1), and YP_005976761 (P. aeruginosa M18); YP_001269260 (Pseudomonas putida F1), NP_743918 (P. putida KT2440), and YP_004700858 (P. putida S16); YP_261413 (Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5), YP_349813 (P. fluorescens Pf0-1), and YP_005207048 (P. fluorescens F113); WP_003369700 (Pseudomonas syringae Cit7), YP_275816 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A), NP_791563 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000), and YP_236724 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728).

Kinetic Parameters of PFL_4321

To acquire the kinetic parameters of PFL_4321 on 11-aminoundecanoic acid and 12-aminododecanoic acid, initial velocities at 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, and 700 μM were measured. 50 μl of aliquots of the reaction were quenched at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6 minutes by adding 100 μl of acetonitrile. Denatured enzymes were removed by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 20 min. LC-HRMS analysis was carried out on an Agilent Technologies 6520 Accurate-Mass Q-TOF LC-MS instrument equipped with an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (3.5 μm, 4.6×100 mm). 10 μL of the solution was injected into LC-HRMS and a linear gradient of 55 to 95% CH₃CN (vol/vol) over 15 min in H₂O with 0.1% (vol/vol) formic acid at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min was used for analysis. The exact masses of aminoundec-1-ene and aminodec-1-ene were extracted, and the peaks were integrated and compared with the standard compounds.

Results

Medium-chain 1-alkenes, such as 1-undecene, were reported as one of the signature VOCs produced by selected Pseudomonas species (J. M. Zechman et al., Can J Microbiol 31, 232, 1985). Medium-chain 1-alkene production by various Pseudomonas strains having published genomes was assessed to facilitate the identification of biosynthetic genes. The headspace of bacterial culture was subjected to a solid phase microextraction (SPME)—gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis that allows efficient extraction and sensitive detection of VOCs. Results are presented in FIG. 1 and Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Occurrence of 1-undecene productions from selected strains with fully sequenced genomes 1-undecene previously 1-undecene observed Strain reported in this study Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 N.A. Yes P. aeruginosa PAO-1 N.A. Yes P. aeruginosa PA14 N.A. Yes P. syringae pv. syringae B301D N.A. Yes P. syringae pv. syringae B728a N.A. Yes P. syringae TLP2 N.A. Yes P. syringae Cit7 N.A. Yes P. syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 N.A. Yes P. putida F1 N.A. Yes P. putida ATCC 17633 No Yes P. putida S12 N.A. Yes Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 N.A. Yes E. coli EPI300 N.A. No E. coli BL21 N.A. No

All the tested strains accumulated 5-200 ng/mL of 1-undecene in headspace, including previously documented non-producer P. putida (J. M. Zechman et al., Can J Microbiol 31, 232, 1985), suggesting a conserved biosynthetic pathway for 1-undecene in pseudomonads. Although enzymes such as a P450 fatty acid decarboxylase or a multi-domain polyketide synthase are known to catalyze terminal olefin biosynthesis (M. A. Rude et al., Appl Environ Microb 77, 1718, 2011; D. Mendez-Perez et al., Appl Environ Microb 77, 4264, 2011; L. Gu et al., J Am Chem Soc 131, 16033, 2009), they recognize long-chain fatty acyl substrates (>C18) and appear not to be involved in 1-undecene biosynthesis in pseudomonads based on bioinformatics analysis.

To find gene(s) that are responsible for 1-undecene biosynthesis, a genome mining approach was employed by heterologously expressing genes from P. fluorescens Pf-5 in E. coli, a 1-undecene nonproducer, followed by phenotype screening (FIG. 2). One single gene, PFL_4321, was demonstrated to be essential and sufficient to confer 1-undecene production in E. coli (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3). PFL_4321 encodes a small hypothetical protein (261 amino acids) that shows modest sequence homology to TenA, the thiaminase II from Bacillus subtilis (A. L. Jenkins et al., Bioorg Chem 36, 29, 2008), but the essential catalytic residue cysteine of TenA is missing in PFL_4321. To confirm the function of this gene in 1-undecene biosynthesis, the ΔPA14_53120 mutant of P. aeruginosa PA14 that bears a transposon insertion in the gene PA14_53120 homologous to PFL_4321 was examined (N. T. Liberati et al., P Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 2833, 2006). This gene disruption completely abolished the 1-undecene production in P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (FIG. 1D), confirming the necessity of this gene in 1-undecene biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa.

To biochemically characterize PFL_4321, in vitro enzymatic assays were performed with the recombinant enzyme purified from E. coli. Feeding [12-¹³C]lauric acid and [1-¹³C]lauric acid to the microbial 1-undecene producers resulted in the production of [11-¹³C]undecene and [U-¹²C11]undecene respectively (FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B), implying that lauric acid is the 1-undecene biosynthetic precursor and the terminal carboxylic acid moiety is removed during 1-undecene formation.

Additional in vitro assays were performed with PFL_4321 using lauric acid, its esters, or thioesters as potential substrates. None of them were converted to 1-undecene; however, 1-undecene was detected upon the addition of E. coli crude extract to the mixture of PFL_4321 protein and lauric acid, suggesting that factors enabling 1-undecene production are present in the E. coli crude extract, and free lauric acid is the substrate for enzymatic catalysis. Surprisingly, this reaction can be quenched by the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a chelating agent, indicating the necessity of a metal ion. PFL_4321 was incubated with lauric acid in the presence of various metal ions, including Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Only Fe²⁺, but not any other ion, elicited the 1-undecene production, suggesting that PFL_4321 is a non-heme iron (II)-dependent enzyme. Using [1-¹³C]lauric acid as the substrate, the formation of [¹³C]CO₂ was detected (FIG. 5), confirming that PFL_4321 catalyzes the production of 1-undecene from lauric acid through oxidative decarboxylation, analogous to the reaction promoted by the P450 long-chain fatty acid decarboxylase (M. A. Rude et al., Appl Environ Microb 77, 1718, 2011). Since no additional oxidant was introduced into the in vitro system, without wishing to be bound by theory, it was proposed that molecular oxygen served as the oxidant of the reaction, which was supported by the observation that the 1-undecene production was decreased by more than 150-fold in the anaerobic enzymatic assays (FIG. 6).

A survey was conducted to identify the possible reductive cofactor/cosubstrates according to the well-studied oxygen-activating iron-dependent oxygenases, including but not limited to α-ketoglutarate, ascorbic acid, glutathione, cysteine, nicotinamides, flavins, ferredoxin (F. H. Vaillancourt et al., Nature 436, 1191, 2005; W. C. Chang et al., Nature 496, 114, 2013; L. M. Mirica et al., J Am Chem Soc 130, 8122, 2008; P. C. Bruijnincx et al., Chem Soc Rev 37, 2716, 2008). Under iron-limiting conditions, ascorbic acid significantly increased the yield of 1-undecene; cysteine had a modest effect; and none of other reagents exhibited a significant effect (FIG. 7). Accordingly, ascorbic acid was included in all of the following in vitro assays and the kinetic parameters of PFL_4321 toward lauric acid (C12) were determined (FIG. 8).

In addition to using lauric acid as a substrate, PFL_4321 converted myristic acid (C14) and capric acid (C10) to their corresponding “[M-1] carbon” 1-alkenes (FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and FIG. 10), but failed to act on palmitic acid (C16) or caprylic acid (C8), indicating that the substrate binding pocket accepts a range of medium-chain length fatty acid substrates. Additionally, PFL_4321 catalyzed the conversion of 11-bromoundecanoic acid, 12-bromododecanoic acid, 10-undecynoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, and 12-aminododecanoic acid to form their corresponding minus-1-carbon 1-alkene, implying a wide spectrum of functionality tolerance on the ω-carbon (FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, FIG. 14, FIG. 15, and FIG. 19). Branched fatty acids such as 11-methyl- and 4-methyldodecanoic acid were also converted to their corresponding terminal olefins, showing the potential of developing this enzyme into a useful biocatalyst (FIG. 16 and FIG. 17). Interestingly, PFL_4321 transformed α-hydroxydodecanoic acid to 1-undecanal (FIG. 18), but exhibited no activity toward 2,3-dodecenoic acid (DEA) and β-hydroxydodecanoic acid (BHDA), suggesting that the β-carbon of lauric acid, rather than the α-carbon, is the site of activation during enzymatic catalysis.

To understand the molecular basis of catalysis and the substrate recognition mechanism, the crystal structures of PFL_4321 in its apo form and in complex with two substrate analogues, either DEA or BHDA, were determined with resolutions ranging from 1.7 to 1.9 Å (FIG. 20, FIG. 21, and Table 2). The active site of PFL_4321 contains a single iron center in an octahedral configuration with three sites of coordination from the enzyme side chains of Glu₁₀₁, His₁₀₄, His₁₉₄, and three variable sites of coordination, two facing the pocket and one exposed to exterior. The three variable sites are coordinated by oxygen atoms from the substrate analogues, solvents such as water or glycerol, or O₂. The critical roles of the His₁₉₄-His₁₀₄-Glu₁₀₁ residues were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, which resulted in an over 1000-fold drop in 1-undecene production (FIG. 22). The substrate analogues DEA or BHDA reside in a deep hydrophobic pocket that extends from the surface to the center of the enzyme (FIG. 20A and FIG. 20B). The depth of the pocket limits the length of the fatty acid substrate to an approximately 14-carbon chain, consistent with the in vitro biochemical results. Whereas the apo-structure represents the resting state of the active site with three iron coordination positions occupied by solvent molecules (one from water and two from glycerol) (FIG. 20C), co-crystallization with the substrate analogues DEA and BHDA seemed to trap the enzyme in different oxygen activation steps of the catalytic cycle. In crystals with DEA-bound enzymes, two different intermediates are present in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. One subunit contains a water molecule coordinated to the iron, demonstrating an intermediate stage with a bound fatty acid substrate prior to O₂ binding (FIG. 20D). In the other subunit, a diatomic molecule, assigned as molecular oxygen, replaces the water and occupies the iron coordination site opposite to the carboxyl oxygen of the fatty acid substrate in an end-on fashion (FIG. 20E). Dioxygen also appears in the BHDA-bound structure, which differs from the DEA-bound structures by the coordination of the β-hydroxyl group opposite to His₁₀₄ (FIG. 20F). The refined distance between the oxygen atoms in the BHDA-bound structure converges to 1.45 Å, suggesting the presence of a peroxide species, although this assignment is tentative due to the limit of resolution of 1.7 Å. The β-hydroxyl oxygen of BHDA is positioned only 2.45 Å from the distal oxygen atom (FIG. 21), implying a possible β-hydrogen abstraction from the native substrate lauric acid during the catalytic cycle.

Based on the biochemical and structural characterization of PFL_4321, and without wishing to be bound by theory, an O₂-activating, non-heme Fe(II) dependent mechanism for the oxidative decarboxylation of lauric acid was postulated (FIG. 20G). First, lauric acid binds to the ferrous iron of the enzyme through its carboxylate moiety and organizes the iron center to coordinate molecular oxygen. This sequential binding is similar to that in many other non-heme iron enzymes, such as naphthalene dioxygenase and superoxide reductase (W. C. Chang et al., Nature 496, 114, 2013; P. C. Bruijnincx et al., Chem Soc Rev 37, 2716, 2008; A. Karlsson et al., Science 299, 1039, 2003; G. Katona et al., Science 316, 449, 2007; J. H. Jeoung et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 12625, 2013; W. A. van der Donk et al., Curr Opin Struct Biol 20, 673, 2010). Then, O₂ binds, generating a superoxo-Fe(III) species that likely abstracts the β-hydrogen of lauric acid. β-hydrogen abstraction is in agreement with the activity of PFL_4321 on the α- and β-substituted lauric acid analogues mentioned above, and it was further confirmed by enzymatic assays with the substrate [α,α-D2](lauric acid which led to the production of 1-undecene retaining both deuterium atoms (FIG. 23). Subsequent single electron transfer at the stage of a highly reactive radical intermediate leads to the formation of 1-undecene, CO₂, and a possible Fe(II)-O—OH species that can be reduced back to the ferrous state to regenerate the active form of the enzyme. The residue Glu₁₅₉ might be involved in oxygen binding and/or serve as a proton donor, and its critical role was confirmed by the mutagenesis study (FIG. 22).

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PFL_4321 is ubiquitous in all of the sequenced Pseudomonas species and several other closely-related species, including species from Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Myxococcus genera, with a total of more than 400 homologs identified from published genomes (FIG. 24A). This is consistent with the initial screening results that all of the identified 1-undecene natural producers contain a gene homologous to PFL_4321, while the confirmed 1-undecene non-producers such as E. coli do not have a PFL_4321 homolog in their genomes. To further probe the activity of PFL_4321 homologs in the biosynthesis of 1-undecene, four additional PFL_4321 homologs from various Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species were heterologously expressed. The overexpression of all gene candidates in E. coli conferred 1-undecene production, confirming the proposed function of these genes (FIG. 24B). The production titer of 1-undecene exceeded 5 μg/mL in E. coli in these initial efforts, suggesting that this family of enzymes are highly efficient in converting medium-chain free fatty acids into medium-chain 1-alkenes, since little free lauric acid is produced by E. coli (J. P. Torella et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 11290, 2013; R. M. Lennen et al., Trends Biotechnol 30, 659, 2012). Furthermore, PFL_4321 is functional in eukaryotic hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of PFL_4321 led to the production of 1-undecene and 1-nonene in comparable amounts (FIG. 25). The different product profiles of medium-chain 1-alkenes in yeast compared to those of E. coli reflect the different free fatty acid pools in these two model organisms.

Functions of this family of non-heme iron enzymes described herein substantially broaden the enzymatic reaction inventory to transform fatty acid precursors. By introducing a derivable terminal double bond on a medium-chain carbon backbone, the microbial production of medium-chain 1-alkenes could fundamentally revolutionize the current industrial practice of hydrocarbon production. This work serves as a basis for establishing bioprocesses for the production of fatty acid-derived chemicals and fuels from renewable resources.

Example 2: Additional Characterization of Medium-Chain 1-Alkene Production Mediated by PFL_4321

This Example provides additional characterization of the PFL_4321 protein presented in Example 1 and its role in facilitating the production of medium-chain 1-alkenes using fatty acid substrates.

Materials and Methods

Expression and Purification of PFL_4321 for In Vitro Assays

Unless otherwise noted, PFL_4321 was expressed in E. coli and purified for use in in vitro enzymatic assays as described in Example 1. General experimental protocols for in vitro assays not described in additional detail below were performed as described in Example 1.

Reconstitution of Holo-PFL_4321 In Vitro

The apo-PFL_4321 was rendered anoxic on a vacuum line by 5 cycles of evacuation and N₂ purge. To prevent reaction of the Fe(II) center with O₂, all subsequent manipulations to obtain PFL_4321-Fe(II) were carried out anaerobically with stringently deoxygenated solutions. 1 mM of PFL_4321 was incubated with 1 mM of (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ and 1 mM DTT for 30 min in the anaerobic chamber before desalting on the GE Disposable PD-10 columns equilibrated in 10 mM Tris (8.5), 100 mM NaCl, and 200 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄. The desalted enzyme solution was analyzed by ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 DV), and the iron concentration was fitted to the calibration curve obtained using four standard solutions (Sigma-Aldrich) in the range 10-1000 μg/L. For in vitro enzymatic assays, the desalted PFL_4321-Fe(II) was immediately used in the enzymatic reaction to achieve maximum activity.

Stoichiometry Determination in Single-Turnover Reactions

To investigate 1-undecene formation and the O₂ consumption, 0.5 mL of reaction mixture was prepared to contain 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 300 mM NaCl, 45 μM PFL_4321-Fe(II), and 500 μM LA (25 mM stock solution of LA sodium salt was prepared in 2% tergitol; tergitol is not required for <150 μM of LA). MES buffer (pH 6.2) was selected to reach slightly higher enzymatic activity than other buffers such as Bis-Tris (pH 6.0-7.0), Tris (pH 7.5-8.5), MOPS (pH 6.5-7.5), and HEPES (pH 6.8-8.0). The reaction was performed in a sealed headspace vial, initiated by adding PFL_4321 at room temperature and quenched by injecting equal volume of 5 M NaOH. 1-undecene production was analyzed and quantified using the SPME-GCMS method. The correlations of total 1-undecene produced and enzyme used were further determined varying PFL_4321 concentrations (40-1000 μM), and similar single turnover reactions were obtained in all assays (˜0.7-0.8 molecule of 1-undecene per molecule of PFL_4321-Fe(II)). O₂ concentration was measured in a sealed reaction chamber (0.5 mL) with an integrated oxygen electrode unit (Oxygraph Plus System, Hansatech Instruments, UK). For the control group, LA was omitted from the reaction mixture.

H₂O₂ Detection

For the detection of H₂O₂, the enzymatic reaction was conducted by using the oxygen electrode unit as mentioned above. After the concentration of O₂ reached equilibrium, 120 U/mL of catalase was added to the reaction chamber. No rapid increase in the O₂ concentration was observed, suggesting that H₂O₂ was not present in the reaction mixture. Additionally, production of H₂O₂ was not readily detected using Amplex® Red Hydrogen Peroxide/Peroxidase Assay Kit. 250 μL of reaction mixture contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 200 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 500 μM PFL_4321-Fe(II), and 1 mM LA. The reaction mixture was subjected to centrifugation using Amicon® Ultra filters (3 kD cutoff) and 50 μL of flowthrough was added to 50 μL of the Amplex® Red Hydrogen Peroxide working solution, incubated for an hour at room temperature in the dark, and examined with excitation/emission maxima=570/585 nm for fluorescence as instructed. The positive controls contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 200 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 500 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 500 μM LA, and various amounts of standard H₂O₂ either provided by the same kit or Sigma. The positive controls showed that this coupled assay had a sensitivity of 1 μM for H₂O₂ in the original reaction mixture of PFL_4321.

Enzyme Recycling Experiments

To recycle the PFL_4321, 1 mL of the oxygenated buffer solution (50 mM MES, pH 6.2, 100 mM NaCl) was mixed with 1 mL of an O₂-free solution containing 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 200 μM PFL_4321, 1 mM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 2 mM LA, so that the final mixture contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 100 μM PFL_4321, 0.5 mM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, and 1 mM LA. This original reaction was quenched by adding 10-fold excess of EDTA to iron. The mixture was desalted on a GE Disposable PD-10 column and incubated at 4° C. on a nutator for two hours to completely remove the residual 1-undecene in the solution. The recycled apo-PFL_4321 was concentrated by using Centrifugal Filter Units (Millipore) and subjected to a second enzymatic assay that contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 100 μM PFL_4321, 0.5 mM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, and 1 mM LA. To initiate the reaction, 100 μL of the oxygenated buffer solution (50 mM MES, pH 6.2, 100 mM NaCl) was mixed with 100 μL of an O₂-free solution containing 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 200 μM PFL_4321, 1 mM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 2 mM LA. The control group was set up under similar conditions except that the original apo-PFL_4321 which had not been used for any enzymatic reactions was used. The experimental group containing recycled PFL_4321 produced 80% of the 1-undecene compared with the control group that contained the original PFL_4321. When EDTA was omitted, the desalted recycled PFL_4321 failed to catalyze the reaction to produce 1-undecene.

Initial Production Rate Determination

To determine the initial rates of 1-alkene production under the single turnover conditions, the O₂-saturated buffer solution (50 mM MES, pH 6.2, 100 mM NaCl) was mixed with an equal volume of an O₂-free solution containing 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 200 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 0.2-20 μM PFL_4321, and various concentrations of substrate (2-300 μM), so that the final mixture contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 0.1-10 μM PFL_4321, 100 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, and various concentrations of substrate (1-150 μM). The reactions were carried out in sealed GC vials and quenched by injecting 1 M NaOH at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 seconds. The productions of 1-alkenes were analyzed by SPME-GCMS analysis. The acquired 1-alkene production rates were plotted against fatty acid concentrations as shown in FIG. 29.

Reductive Co-Substrate Screening

To survey the possible reductive co-substrates, the oxygenated buffer solution (50 mM MES, pH 6.2, 100 mM NaCl) was mixed with an equal volume of an O₂-free solution containing 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 200 μM PFL_4321, 200 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 2 mM LA, and 4 mM of the reductive co-substrate, so that the final mixture contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 100 μM PFL_4321, 100 μM (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 1 mM LA, and 2 mM of the reductive co-substrate. The reaction was carried out in a sealed GC vial due to the semi-volatility of 1-undecene. For the chlorite dismutase coupled assay, 2 μM of chlorite dismutase (Dassama L M K, et al., Biochemistry-Us 51(8):1607-1616) was included in the mixture, and 1 mM of sodium chlorite was injected through the septa four times every 20 min. 2 mM of reductive co-substrate was added with the following exceptions: 40 μM FAD or FMN was coupled with 20 μM Flavin reductase (AsuE2 (Rui Z et al., 2013, Chem Biol 20(7):879-887)) and 2 mM NAD(P)H; 40 μM ferredoxin was coupled with 20 μM ferredoxin reductase and 2 mM NAD(P)H; 40 μM of pyrroloquinoline quinone was coupled with 2 mM of cysteine (Ouchi A et al., 2009, J Agric Food Chem 57(2):450-456); and 40 μM phenazine methosulfate was coupled with 2 mM NADH (Eser B E et al., 2011, Biochemistry-Us 50(49):10743-10750).

Test of H₂O₂ as a Possible Substrate

To examine whether the H₂O₂/Fe³⁺ or the H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ system provides for the PFL_4321 activity, anaerobic enzymatic reactions in the glove box were performed. The deoxygenated reaction mixture contained 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2), 100 mM NaCl, 100 μM PFL_4321, 100 μM either FeCl₃ or (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂, 1 mM LA, and various amount of H₂O₂ (100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 μM), and 1-undecene production was analyzed. The aerobic reaction was carried out under similar conditions except that the O₂ was provided by mixing with the equal volume of O₂-saturated buffer solution (50 mM MES, pH 6.2, 100 mM NaCl).

Results

Various assays investigating the role of PFL_4321 (also referred to as undA) in the production of medium-chain 1-alkenes using fatty acid substrates were performed as described in Example 1. Additional assays were performed to build upon these initial investigations as described in the present Example.

Biochemical Analysis

After reconstituting the activity of PFL_4321 in vitro, detailed biochemical analyses of this enzyme were performed. The iron content of PFL_4321 after anaerobic reconstitution of purified apo-PFL_4321 with Fe2⁺ was determined to be 82% by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Using [1-¹³C]lauric acid as a substrate, formation of [¹³C]CO₂ was detected (FIG. 5 and FIG. 26), confirming that PFL_4321 catalyzes production of 1-undecene from LA through oxidative decarboxylation. Since the in vitro aerobic reaction mixture contained only desalted PFL_4321-Fe(II) and LA with no additional oxidant/reductant, it was reasoned that molecular oxygen served as the oxidant of the reaction, which was supported by the observations that 1-undecene production was nearly abolished in anaerobic enzymatic assays, and that O₂ was consumed in aerobic assays (FIG. 6 and FIG. 27). The measured stoichiometry of the reaction showed that one molecule of PFL_4321-Fe(II) consumed approximately one equivalent of O₂ to produce close to one equivalent of 1-undecene (FIG. 27). O₂ was presumably reduced to hydrogen peroxide or water by PFL_4321. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is proposed that H₂O was a likely end product since no production of H₂O₂ was detected in the PFL_4321 assays by two independent sensitive analytical methods, and the addition of catalase to the reaction system had no detectable effect.

Initially, only single turnover reactions were obtained in the PFL_4321 in vitro assays, probably due to an electron imbalance, where two electrons are donated by one molecule of LA while four electrons are required to reduce one molecule of O₂ to water. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that this electron imbalance stalls the enzyme, presumably with an inactive oxidized iron species. This hypothesis is supported by a PFL_4321 recycling experiment in which apo-PFL_4321 recycled after the single turnover reaction maintained over 80% activity upon reconstitution with fresh Fe²⁺.

Next, a group of possible reductive co-substrates based on those used by well-studied oxygen-activating iron-dependent oxygenases was surveyed (F. H. Vaillancourt et al., Nature 436, 1191, 2005; W. C. Chang et al., Nature 496, 114, 2013; L. M. Mirica et al., J Am Chem Soc 130, 8122, 2008; P. C. Bruijnincx et al., Chem Soc Rev 37, 2716, 2008). These reductive co-substrates included α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), ascorbic acid, glutathione, cysteine, dithiothreitol (DTT), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), nicotinamides, flavins, ferredoxin, tetrahydropterin, phenazine methosulfate (PMS)/NADH, and PQQ/cysteine. Initially, none of the tested reducing systems promoted 1-undecene production over the stoichiometric amount of one turnover. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it was suspected that the limiting factor was likely the consumption of dissolved O₂ by both the enzymatic reaction and some of the tested reducing agents in the sealed vial without replenishment. Indeed, through coupling with the chlorite dismutase reaction to generate O₂ in situ (Dassama L M K, et al., 2012, Biochemistry-Us 51(8):1607-1616), it was found that ascorbate allowed for multiple turnovers for PFL_4321 in vitro, but the rate (four turnovers per hour) was much slower than the initial rate of 1-undecene production under the single turnover condition [0.06±0.002 mol 1-undecene/(mol PFL_4321-Fe(II) second)] (FIG. 28 and FIG. 29). Other electron donors such as PMS/NADH and PQQ/cysteine also allowed for multiple turnovers, although the resulting rates and yields were lower than when ascorbate was the reductant (FIG. 28).

Since HppE, a long recognized non-heme iron (II) oxidase was recently characterized to be a peroxidase (Wang C, et al., 2013, Science 342(6161):991-995), the possibility that H₂O₂, rather than O₂, could be the real substrate for PFL_4321 was tested. The reduction of H₂O₂ to water requires only two electrons, matching the two-electron requirement for the overall conversion of LA to 1-undecene. However, in the presence of H₂O₂, no 1-undecene was formed in anaerobic reactions with either PFL_4321-Fe(III) or PFL_4321-Fe(II). In the presence of both H₂O₂ and O₂, no 1-undecene was formed with PFL_4321-Fe(III), further confirming the requirement of Fe(II) for the activity of PFL_4321. In addition, H₂O₂ did not promote the 1-undecene formation in the reaction containing O₂ and PFL_4321-Fe(II), indicating that H₂O₂ is not the substrate for PFL_4321. These results are consistent with the observations that addition of dithionite to reduce O₂ to H₂O₂ in situ inhibited 1-undecene production by PFL_4321, but the addition of dithionite increased the rate of HppE up to 1000 times (Wang C, et al., 2013, Science 342(6161):991-995).

Further, as described in Example 1, in addition to LA (C12:0), PFL_4321 converted myristic acid (C14:0) and capric acid (C10:0) to their corresponding “[M-1]-carbon” 1-alkenes, and the initial rates of 1-alkene production at varying substrate concentrations were further measured (FIG. 29). PFL_4321 failed to act on palmitic acid (C16:0) or caprylic acid (C8:0), indicating that the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme accepts a range of medium-chain length fatty acid substrates. Interestingly, PFL_4321 transformed AHDA to 1-undecanal, but exhibited no activity toward DEA and BHDA (FIG. 26), suggesting that the β-carbon of LA, rather than the α-carbon, is the site of activation during enzymatic catalysis. This is further confirmed by the PFL_4321 assay with [α,α-D2]lauric acid, which led to the production of 1-undecene retaining both deuterium atoms (FIG. 23), and the PFL_4321 assay with [D23]lauric acid, which led to the production of [D22]1-undecene (FIG. 26 and FIG. 30).

Discussion

In summary, the data presented in this Example and in Example 1 demonstrate that Applicants have revealed the genetic basis and molecular mechanism for biosynthesis of 1-undecene, a ubiquitous hydrocarbon metabolite of Pseudomonas. In these investigations, it was found that a new family of non-heme oxidases that convert medium-chain fatty acids (C10-C14) into the corresponding terminal olefins use an oxygen-activating, non-heme iron-dependent mechanism. Both biochemical and structural analyses suggest an unusual mechanism of β-hydrogen abstraction by a “less reactive” iron center during fatty acid activation. It is notable that without strain optimization, overexpression of PFL_4321 homologs in E. coli produced 1-undecene at a titer over 25-fold higher than the best titer in Pseudomonas (FIG. 24B). These results expand the scarce enzyme inventory for the transformation of fatty acid precursors to hydrocarbons (R. M. Lennen et al, Curr Opin Biotechnol 24, 1044, 2013), and establish a platform for producing medium-chain 1-alkenes, useful as fuels and chemical building blocks, from renewable resources.

Example 3: Identification of PFL_0203 as a Membrane-Bound Medium-Chain 1-Alkene Formation Enzyme

This Example demonstrates that the protein PFL_0203 from Pseduomonas fluorescens Pf-5 is able to facilitate the conversion of fatty acid substrates into their corresponding terminal olefins. PFL_0203 acts on C10-C16 fatty acid substrates, thus exhibiting some substrate overlap as well as some unique specificity as compared to PFL_4321 as described in Examples 1 and 2. Supplementing culture media with exogenous lauric acid (LA) or co-expressing a codon-optimized UcFatB2 thioesterase with PFL_0203 substantially increased the 1-undecene production titer in E. coli. These findings further establish methods for tailored conversion of renewable raw materials to fuels and chemical commodities.

Introduction

From Example 1, a library screening technique was used to identify potential proteins from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 involved in the biosynthesis of 1-undecene, which led to the identification of PFL_4321 as an enzyme involved in facilitating the production of medium-chain 1-alkenes using fatty acid substrates. In that particular screen, segments of the P. fluorescens Pf-5 genome were heterologously expressed in E. coli and the resultant transformants were monitored for the production of 1-undecene; a compound that E. coli does not naturally produce. Although PFL_4321 was successfully identified from this screen, it was recognized that the intracellular concentration of free fatty acids in E. coli is actually fairly limited. In view of this, it was considered possible that this screen may not have identified 1-undecene biosynthetic enzymes that prefer and/or require a higher free fatty acid concentration than is endogenously present in E. coli in order to facilitate significant production of 1-undecene. Accordingly, Applicants performed an additional screen in an attempt to identify additional 1-undecene biosynthetic enzymes. The results of this screen are presented in this Example.

Materials and Methods

Unless otherwise noted, all experiments with PFL_0203 as described herein were performed using similar assays, procedures, and techniques as used in a given corresponding experiment as described in Example 1.

Computational Tools

The structure of PFL_0203 was computationally analyzed using the TMHMM Server v. 2.0 program (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) and the SACS MEMSAT2 Transmembrane Prediction Page program (http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/cgi-bin/memsat.py).

Cell Fractionation Assay

E. coli BL21 expressing PFL_0203 (pZR74) was grown until OD 0.6, induced with 0.1 mM IPTG, and cultured at 16° C. overnight. The cells were then harvested and lysed by sonication. The membrane fraction was separated from the soluble protein fraction by centrifugation at 20,000 g. Either the membrane fraction or the soluble protein fraction was mixed with 1 mM LA, 50 mM MES (pH 6.2), and 1 mM ferrous iron. The SPME-GCMS analysis of 1-undecene was as described in Examples 1 and 2.

Co-Expression with UcFatB2

E. coli cell lines were constructed where UcFatB2 was co-expressed with either PFL_4321 or PFL_0203. UcFatB2 was expressed under the control of the T7 promoter on pJT208, a pET based vector. The pJT208 vector housing codon-optimized UcFatB2, as well as the sequence of the codon-optomized UcFatB2 itself, were previously described and used herein (Torella et al., 2013).

Results

Identification of PFL_0203

A library screen analogous to that described in Example 1 was performed, except that the screen was modified by supplementing the culture media with 200 μM exogenous lauric acid. In this modified screen, the fosmid clone designated as 5B5 was found to produce 1-undecene only in the presence of exogenous lauric acid. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that fosmid clone 5B5 was not identified in the screen described in Example 1 because the culture media was not supplemented with exogenous lauric acid.

To identify the specific gene(s) responsible for the 1-undecene production, the cosmid clone 5B5 was trimmed down to a 10 gene-containing clone (pZR66) that still allowed for the production of 1-undecene in the E. coli host. However, further attempts to narrow down the genes all resulted in the abolishment of 1-undecene production. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the 10 gene-containing clone (pZR66) contains one or more genes that encode putative transcriptional regulators of the true gene(s) present in the clone that is responsible for facilitating the production of 1-undecene. In addition to the putative transcriptional regulators, the 10 candidate genes present on the clone include several genes related to sulfate metabolism, as well as one hypothetical gene, PFL_0203.

To investigate whether PFL_0203 was facilitating the production of 1-undecene, this gene was individually expressed in E. coli and the cells were monitored for 1-undecene production. Exogenous lauric acid was added to the culture media, consistent with the library screening conditions. Surprisingly, individual heterologous expression of PFL_0203 (also referred to as undB) in E. coli resulted in the production 1-undecene, indicating that PFL_0203 alone can elicit the production of 1-undecene in this host. For comparison, PFL_4321 (See Examples 1 and 2) was also expressed in E. coli under these conditions, and PFL_0203 produced a higher titer of 1-undecene than PFL_4321 when exogenous lauric acid was added to the culture media. In a related experiment, E. coli housing either PFL_4321 or PFL_0203 were cultured under conditions where exogenous lauric acid was not added to the culture media (no feeding). Consistent with the results obtained with the above-mentioned screening conditions used to identify PFL_0203, the production of 1-undecene by E. coli heterologously expressing this gene was greatly decreased in the absence of exogenous lauric acid in the culture media. These results are presented in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 1-undecene production in E. coli overexpressing PFL_4321 or PFL_0203 No feeding Feeding with LA (1-undecene μg/mL) (1-undecene μg/mL) BL21 (PFL_4321) 4 7 BL21 (PFL_0203) 0.01 20

Structural Analysis of PFL_0203

In an attempt to gain insight into the mode of action by which PFL_0203 confers 1-undecene production, various computational tools were used to analyze this protein. The Pfam database categorizes PFL_0203 into the fatty acid desaturase family that removes two hydrogen atoms from fatty acids to create a double bond. However, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is not thought that PFL_0203 functions as a fatty acid desaturase enzyme, as explained in more detail below. Further, both the TMHMM Server v. 2.0 and SACS MEMSAT2 computational tools predict that PFL_0203 is a cell membrane-associated protein (FIG. 31A and FIG. 31B).

Membrane Association of PFL_0203

The computationally predicted membrane association of PFL_0203 was further explored. In a first experiment, E. coli BL21 expressing PFL_0203 was cultured and the cells were lysed to separate the membrane fraction from the soluble protein fraction. The ability of each fraction to facilitate 1-undecene production was then analyzed in vitro. As can be seen in Table 5, only the membrane fraction could facilitate production of 1-undecene. These results suggested that PFL_0203 was a membrane-associated protein.

TABLE 5 Analysis of 1-undecene production by cellular fraction Cell fraction 1-undecene production Membrane fraction Yes Soluble protein fraction Not detectable

Further confirming the above result, recombinant PFL_0203 was found to be retained in the membrane fraction during protein purification, and was also tightly attached to some other membrane proteins. These co-eluted unknown proteins were separated from PFL_0203 by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), extracted, and identified to be a ubiquinone oxidase and an NADH dehydrogenase. In an additional in vitro experiment, mixing the purified PFL_0203 with the E. coli crude extract and exogenous lauric acid resulted in 1-undecene production, and control experiments showed that the production of 1-undecene was dependent on both PFL_0203 and the crude extract.

Substrate Specificity of PFL_0203

The fatty acid substrate specificity of PFL_0203 was investigated in a series of in vitro experiments. From these assays, it was found that PFL_0203 converted C10-C16 fatty acids into their corresponding [M-1] 1-alkenes, but failed to act on C8 or C18 fatty acids. Thus, PFL_4321 and PFL_0203 share some overlap in suitable substrates; PFL_4321 is able to act on C10-C14 fatty acid substrates, and PFL_0203 is able to act on C10-C16 fatty acid substrates. These results are presented below in Table 6.

TABLE 6 In vitro activity of PFL_4321 and PFL_0203 toward fatty acids with various chain lengths C8:0 C10:0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 PFL_4321 x ✓ ✓ ✓ x PFL_0203 x trace ✓ ✓ trace (✓) indicates production of the corresponding 1-alkene from the indicated substrate, (x) indicates failure to produce the corresponding 1-alkene from the indicated substrate

Co-Expression of PFL_0203 and UcFatB2

Overexpression of PFL_0203 in E. coli led to the production of 1-undecene at a low titer of ˜0.2 μg/mL after one-day of shake flask culture in LB media without exogenous lauric acid. As described above, addition of exogenous lauric acid to the culture media greatly increased 1-undecene production by PFL_0203. However, Applicants also sought to explore other methods of increasing 1-undecene titers in E. coli hosts expressing recombinant PFL_0203. To this end, a codon-optimized UcFatB2 gene was co-expressed in E. coli along with PFL_0203. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that UcFatB2 acts to generate endogenous intracellular lauric acid. Interestingly, co-expression of both PFL_0203 and UcFatB2, a medium-chain specific thioesterase, increased the titer of 1-undecene to over 20 μg/mL in E. coli without adding exogenous lauric acid to the culture media (FIG. 32). This result further suggests that PFL_0203 prefers C12:0 free acid to its CoA or other thioester form. UcFatB2 was also co-expressed with PFL_4321 in E. coli, but this co-expression had a less dramatic impact on 1-undecene production than was observed when co-expressing UcFatB2 and PFL_0203. These results are summarized in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 1-undecene production in various cell genotypes No feeding Feeding with LA (1-undecene μg/mL) (1-undecene μg/mL) BL21 (PFL_4321) 4 7 BL21 (PFL_0203) 0.01 20 BL21 (PFL_4321/UcFatB2) 7 7 BL21 (PFL_0203/UcFatB2) 20 20

Phylogenetic Analysis of PFL_0203

Based on sequence homology analysis, PFL_0203 is present in several Pseudomonas strains such as P. fluorescens, mendocina, and brassicacearum, but is absent from many widely-spread Pseudomonas strains such as P. aeruginosa, putida, and many syringae strains (FIG. 33). Aside from other Pseudomonas species, PFL_0203 has homologs in other species as well. An amino acid alignment of PFL_0203 and related homologs is presented in FIG. 34A-FIG. 34C. Without wishing to be bound by theory, although it is thought the PFL_0203 is not a fatty acid desaturase, the identification of a Pfam-predicted fatty acid desaturase domain in this protein is interesting given that the protein does indeed act on fatty acid substrates.

Summary

In summary, Applicants have identified an additional protein, PFL_0203, that facilitates the production of 1-undecene and related terminal olefins using fatty acid substrates. As described above, PFL_4321 is able to act on C10-C14 fatty acid substrates, while PFL_0203 is able to act on C10-C16 fatty acid substrates to produce corresponding [M-1] 1-alkenes. The results described herein indicate that both PFL_4321 and PFL_0203 may be simultaneously co-expressed in a single host cell to increase the range of suitable free fatty acids (FFAs) to be converted into terminal olefins.

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Particular Embodiments

-   -   1. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof with a fatty             acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   2. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a bacterial         cell.     -   3. The method of claim 2, wherein the host cell is E. coli.     -   4. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a eukaryotic         cell.     -   5. The method of claim 4, wherein the host cell is Saccharomyces         cerevisiae.     -   6. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is modified to         produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a         corresponding unmodified host cell.     -   7. The method of claim 6, wherein the modified host cell has         modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or         acetyl-coA carboxylase activity.     -   8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the homolog         comprises an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least 40%, and         least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least         65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at         least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino         acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the homolog         comprises analogous amino acids or conservative substitutions of         Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the fatty acid         is a C10-C20 fatty acid.     -   11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fatty acid is a C14-C20         fatty acid.     -   12. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the fatty acid         is a medium chain fatty acid.     -   13. The method of claim 12, wherein the medium chain fatty acid         is a C10-C14 fatty acid.     -   14. The method of claim 13, wherein the medium-chain fatty acid         is lauric acid.     -   15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the host cell         is cultured in an aerobic environment.     -   16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the host cell         is cultured in media and the media comprises iron.     -   17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the host cell         is cultured in media and the media comprises ascorbic acid.     -   18. The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the terminal         olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin.     -   19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the terminal         olefin is 1-undecene.     -   20. The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the yield of         the terminal olefin is about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2         μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4         μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6         μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8         μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, or about         10 μg/mL or more terminal olefin.     -   21. The method of any one of claims 1-20, further comprising a         step of recovering a terminal olefin produced by the host cell.     -   22. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 with a fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   23. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34 with a fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   24. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35 with a fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   25. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36 with a fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   26. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 with a fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   27. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 with a fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   28. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a polypeptide comprising one or more of the             amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID             NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, and SEQ ID NO: 38 with             a fatty acid; and     -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a terminal         olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   29. A method of producing terminal olefins, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding a non-heme, iron-dependent polypeptide with a             fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   30. A method of producing 1-undecene, the method comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 with lauric acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that             1-undecene is produced from lauric acid.     -   31. A host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic acid encoding         SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof.     -   32. The host cell of claim 31, wherein the host cell is a         bacterial cell.     -   33. The host cell of claim 32, wherein the host cell is E. coli.     -   34. The host cell of claim 31, wherein the host cell is a         eukaryotic cell.     -   35. The host cell of claim 34, wherein the host cell is         Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     -   36. The host cell of claim 31, wherein the host cell is modified         to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to         a corresponding unmodified host cell.     -   37. The host cell of claim 36, wherein the modified host cell         has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity,         and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity.     -   38. The host cell of any one of claims 31-37, wherein the         homolog comprises an amino acid sequence at least 35%, at least         40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at         least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least         85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to         the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   39. The host cell of any one of claims 31-38, wherein the         homolog comprises analogous amino acids or conservative         substitutions of Glu101, His104, Glu159, and His194 of the amino         acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   40. The host cell of any one of claims 31-39, wherein the host         cell produces terminal olefins from fatty acids.     -   41. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic             acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a homolog thereof with a             fatty acid; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   42. The method of claim 41, wherein the host cell is a bacterial         cell.     -   43. The method of claim 42, wherein the host cell is E. coli.     -   44. The method of claim 41, wherein the host cell is a         eukaryotic cell.     -   45. The method of claim 44, wherein the host cell is         Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     -   46. The method of claim 41, wherein the host cell is modified to         produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to a         corresponding unmodified host cell.     -   47. The method of claim 46, wherein the modified host cell has         modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity, and/or         acetyl-coA carboxylase activity.     -   48. The method of claim 47, wherein the host cell overexpresses         UcFatB2 or a homolog thereof.     -   49. The method of any one of claims 41-48, wherein the homolog         of SEQ ID NO: 39 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 35%,         at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at         least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least         80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%         identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39.     -   50. The method of any one of claims 41-49, wherein the fatty         acid is a C10-C20 fatty acid. 51. The method of claim 50,         wherein the fatty acid is a C14-C20 fatty acid.     -   52. The method of any one of claims 41-49, wherein the fatty         acid is a medium chain fatty acid.     -   53. The method of claim 52, wherein the medium chain fatty acid         is a C10-C16 fatty acid.     -   54. The method of claim 53, wherein the medium-chain fatty acid         is lauric acid.     -   55. The method of any one of claims 41-54, wherein the host cell         is cultured in an aerobic environment.     -   56. The method of any one of claims 41-55, wherein the terminal         olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin.     -   57. The method of any one of claims 41-56, wherein the terminal         olefin is 1-undecene.     -   58. The method of any one of claims 41-57, wherein the yield of         the terminal olefin is about 1 μg/mL, about 1.5 μg/mL, about 2         μg/mL, about 2.5 μg/mL, about 3 μg/mL, about 3.5 μg/mL, about 4         μg/mL, about 4.5 μg/mL, about 5 μg/mL, about 5.5 μg/mL, about 6         μg/mL, about 6.5 μg/mL, about 7 μg/mL, about 7.5 μg/mL, about 8         μg/mL, about 8.5 μg/mL, about 9 μg/mL, about 9.5 μg/mL, or about         10 μg/mL or more terminal olefin.     -   59. The method of any one of claims 41-58, further comprising a         step of recovering a terminal olefin produced by the host cell.     -   60. A host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic acid encoding         SEQ ID NO: 39 or a homolog thereof.     -   61. The host cell of claim 60, wherein the host cell is a         bacterial cell.     -   62. The host cell of claim 61, wherein the host cell is E. coli.     -   63. The host cell of claim 60, wherein the host cell is a         eukaryotic cell.     -   64. The host cell of claim 64, wherein the host cell is         Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     -   65. The host cell of claim 60, wherein the host cell is modified         to produce excess quantities of free fatty acids as compared to         a corresponding unmodified host cell.     -   66. The host cell of claim 65, wherein the modified host cell         has modified beta-oxidation activity, thioesterase activity,         and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase activity.     -   67. The host cell of claim 66, wherein the host cell         overexpresses UcFatB2 or a homolog thereof.     -   68. The host cell of any one of claims 60-67, wherein the         homolog of SEQ ID NO: 39 comprises an amino acid sequence at         least 35%, at least 40%, and least 45%, at least 50%, at least         55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at         least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least         99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39.     -   69. The host cell of any one of claims 60-68, wherein the host         cell produces terminal olefins from fatty acids.     -   70. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method         comprising:         -   a) contacting a host cell with a fatty acid, wherein the             host cell comprises:             -   a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a                 homolog thereof, and             -   a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a                 homolog thereof; and         -   b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that a             terminal olefin is produced from the fatty acid.     -   71. A host cell comprising:         -   a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or a             homolog thereof, and         -   a recombinant nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 or a             homolog thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing a terminal olefin, the method comprising: a) contacting a cell expressing a Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, or Myxococcus UndA with a fatty acid, wherein the UndA is a non-heme oxidase heterologous to the cell or endogenous to the cell and operatively linked to a heterologous promoter, and b) culturing the cell under conditions such that the UndA catalyzes conversion of the fatty acid to the terminal olefin.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the Pseudomonas is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Pseudomonas Syringae; the Acinetobacter is Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus or Acinetobacter baylyi; the Burkholderia is Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei or Burkholderia thailandensis; and the Myxococcus is Myxococcus xanthus, Myxococcus fulvus, or Myxococcus stipitatus.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the UndA is: Pseudomonas aeruginosa UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:03, SEQ ID NO:08 or SEQ ID NO:09; Pseudomonas putida UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:02, SEQ ID NO:10, or SEQ ID NO:11; Pseudomonas fluorescens UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:01, SEQ ID NO:06 or SEQ ID NO:07; Pseudomonas Syringae UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:05, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13 or SEQ ID NO:14; Acinetobacter baumannii UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29 or SEQ ID NO:30; Acinetobacter haemolyticus and the UndA has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 or SEQ ID NO:32; Acinetobacter baylyi UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:04 or SEQ ID NO:27; Burkholderia mallei UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16 or SEQ ID NO:17; Burkholderia pseudomallei UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:20; Burkholderia thailandensis UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:23; Myxococcus xanthus UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; Myxococcus fulvus UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25; or Myxococcus stipitatus UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the UndA is: Pseudomonas aeruginosa UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:03; Pseudomonas putida UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:02; Pseudomonas fluorescens UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:01; Pseudomonas Syringae UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:05; or Acinetobacter baylyi UndA and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:04.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the UndA is: Pseudomonas fluorescens UndA and has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:01.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid, and the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid, and the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the fatty acid is a C10-C14 fatty acid, and the terminal olefin is a C9-C13 terminal olefin.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a bacterial cell that is E. coli.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the host cell is a bacterial cell that is E. coli.
 11. The method of claim 3, wherein the host cell is a bacterial cell that is E. coli.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a eukaryotic cell that is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the host cell is a eukaryotic cell that is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
 14. The method of claim 3, wherein the host cell is a eukaryotic cell that is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of recovering the terminal olefin produced by the cell.
 16. The method of claim 2, further comprising a step of recovering the terminal olefin produced by the cell.
 17. The method of claim 3, further comprising a step of recovering the terminal olefin produced by the cell.
 18. The method of claim 6, further comprising a step of recovering the terminal olefin produced by the cell.
 19. The method of claim 7, further comprising a step of recovering the terminal olefin produced by the cell.
 20. The method of claim 8, further comprising a step of recovering the terminal olefin produced by the cell. 